Parides erithalion

Parides erithalion, the variable cattleheart, is a North and South American butterfly in the family Papilionidae. The species was first described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1836.[1]

Variable cattleheart
P. e. polyzelus
P. e. erlaces male, from Peru
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Papilionidae
Genus:
Parides
Species:
P. erithalion
Binomial name
Parides erithalion
(Boisduval, 1836)
Synonyms
  • Papilio erithalion Boisduval, 1836
P. e. smalli, female, Panama

Description

The upperside of the wings is black with a row of red postmedian spots. The underside of the wings is also black with a row of pink and whitish spots.[1]

In males of some subspecies the uppersides of the forewings have a large olivaceous-green patch from the inner margin forward, with a creamy-white spot, while hindwings have a band of three red spots. Fringe in both sexes is dotted with white.[2]

Subspecies
  • P. e. erithalion (C. Colombia) [3]
  • P. e. trichopus (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906) (Mexico)
  • P. e. zeuxis (Lucas, 1852) (northern Venezuela)
  • P. e. erlaces (Gray, 1853) (southern Peru, northern Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina)[4]
  • P. e. polyzelus (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865) (Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras) [5]
  • P. e. lacydes (Hewitson, 1869) (eastern Ecuador)
  • P. e. sadyattes (H. Druce, 1874) (Costa Rica)
  • P. e. cauca (Oberthür, 1879) (western Colombia)
  • P. e. xanthias (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906) (Peru)
  • P. e. chinchipensis (Joicey & Talbot, 1918) (northern Peru)
  • P. e. kruegeri (Niepelt, 1927) (southern Colombia)
  • P. e. guillerminae Pischedda & Racheli, 1986 (northeastern Ecuador)
  • P. e. yaminahua Pischedda & Racheli, 1987 (southern Peru)
  • P. e. keithi Racheli, 1991 (southwestern Venezuela)
  • P. e. palmasensis Brown, 1994 (western Ecuador)
  • P. e. smalli Brown, 1994 (Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama)
  • P. e. callegarii Racheli & Racheli, 1996 (Peru)
  • P. e. inini Brévignon, 1998 (French Guiana)
  • P. e. racheliorum Lamas, 1998 (Peru)
  • P. e. blanca Racheli & Möhn, 2001 (Peru)
  • P. e. browni Le Crom, Constantino & Salazar, 2002 (northeastern Colombia)
  • P. e. chocoensis Constantino, Le Crom & Salazar, 2002 (western Colombia) [2]

Description from Seitz
For a key to the terms used, see Glossary of entomology terms.

P. erithalion. Male: tibiae not thickened. Hindwing without distinct red spot behind the 2. median on the upper surface. Female: the spot before the 1. median of the forewing smaller than the preceding spot; band on the hindwing broad, pale on the innerside. Costa Rica to North Venezuela. — zeuxis Luc. (= rhameses Doubl., rhesus Koll., rhamases Fldr., abilius Fldr., rhamses Boisd.) (4a). Male: the green area much narrowed anteriorly, enclosing a large white spot before the 2. median; hindwing with 2 or 3 small red spots. Female: the posterior spot of the forewing larger than the preceding one. North Venezuela and eastern side of the Cordillera of Bogota. — erithalion Boisd. (4a) from Central Colombia (Rio Magdalena) has in the male rarely a white spot on the forewing, which is placed before the 1. median or between the radials. Female: the spot before the 1. median smaller than the preceding one; generally a few small spots outside the cell. — cauca Oberth. Male: the green area of the forewing wanting or merely indicated. Female: band on the hindwing narrow, curved, separated from the cell. Cauca valle — sadyattes Druce (4a). Male: the green area very variable, generally reduced, often wanting; all specimens with at least one white spot, which is placed before or behind the 3. radial, often a green spot in the cell. Female: band of the hindwing almost unicolorous bright red. Costa Rica to Panama.[6]

  • Seitz

Description from Rothschild and Jordan (1906)

A full description is provided by Walter Rothschild and Karl Jordan (1906).[7] Note: Here polyzelus is treated as a full species and trichopus is P. z. trichopus.

Life cycle

The eggs are a brownish color. The caterpillar is brownish black with white and reddish-brown tubercles.

Host plants

The variable cattleheart feeds on Aristolochia cordiflora.

Status

It is common local species and not threatened.[8]

Taxonomy

Parides erithalion is a member of the anchises species group [9]

The members are

gollark: 5+5+3+4 would be a sum of things, not a list.
gollark: No, they are the middle of a sorted list.
gollark: (the brackets are significant)
gollark: `(5+3+5+6)/4`, yes.
gollark: The median would actually be 2.5, i.e. halfway between 2 and 3.

References
  1. Glassberg, Jeffrey (2007). A Swift Guide to the Butterflies of Mexico and Central America. Sunstreak Books Inc. ISBN 978-1-4243-0915-3
  2. Savela, Markku (April 7, 2019). "Parides erithalion (Boisduval, 1836)". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  3. Lewis, H. L., 1974 Butterflies of the World ISBN 0-245-52097-X Page 26, figure 8
  4. Lewis, H. L., 1974 Butterflies of the World ISBN 0-245-52097-X Page 26, figure 9
  5. Lewis, H. L., 1974 Butterflies of the World ISBN 0-245-52097-X Page 26, figure 22
  6. Seitz, A. ed. Band 1: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Tagfalter, 1909, 379 Seiten, mit 89 kolorierten Tafeln (3470 Figuren) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. Rothschild, W. & Jordan, K. (1906). "A revision of the American Papilios". Novitates Zoologicae. 13: 411-752. (Facsimile edition ed. P. H. Arnaud, 1967)
  8. Collins, N. Mark; Morris, Michael G. (1985). Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book. Gland & Cambridge: IUCN. ISBN 978-2-88032-603-6 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  9. Edwin Möhn, 2007 Butterflies of the World, Part 26: Papilionidae XIII. Parides Verlag Goecke & Evers Verlag Goecke & Evers ISBN 9783937783277
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