Pa'O people

The Pa'O (Burmese: ပအိုဝ်းလူမျိုး, IPA: [pəo̰ lùmjóʊ], or တောင်သူ; Shan: ပဢူဝ်း;Eastern Poe Karen|တံင်သူ;Sgaw Karen|တီၤသူ; also spelt Pa-O or Paoh) are the seventh largest ethnic nationality in Burma, with a population of approximately 1,800,000[1] to 2,000,000.[2] Other name of Pa-O is PaU, Phya, Piao, Taungthu, Taungsu, Tongsu and Kula.

Pa-O people
ပအိုဝ်ႏစွိုးခွိုꩻ
Burmese: ပအိုဝ်းလူမျိုး
A Pa'O woman near Kalaw, southern Shan State
Total population
1,400,000 (2014 est.)
Regions with significant populations
Myanmar, Thailand
Languages
Pa'O, Burmese, Thai
Religion
Theravada Buddhism
Pa'O women selling vegetables in an open-air market
Pa'O women

History

The Pa'O settled in the Thaton region of present-day Myanmar around 1000 B.C. Historically, the Pa'O wore colorful clothing until King Anawratha defeated the Mon King, Makuta of Thaton. The Pa'O were enslaved and forced to wear indigo-dyed clothing to signify their status.

People

The Pa'O people are the second largest ethnic group in Shan State. They also reside in Kayin State, Kayah State, Mon State, and Bago Division. Many of the modern day Pa'O have fled to Mae Hong Son Province, in northern Thailand, due to ongoing military conflicts in Myanmar. They are believed to be of Tibeto-Burman lineage, and share the language and culture of the Karen people.

Subgroups

They consist of two distinct groups: the Lowland Pa'O, based in Thaton, and the Highland Pa'O, based in Taunggyi. It is believed that there are as many as twenty-four Pa'O subgroups.[2]

The Pa'O subgroups are Htee Ree, Jamzam, Jauk Pa'O, Khrai, Khunlon, Khonlontanyar, Kon jam, Loi Ai, Padaung, Pahtom, Pa nae, Pan Nanm, Nan kay, Mickon, Miclan, Ta Kyor, Taret, Tahtwe, Tatauk, Taungthar, Tayam, Ta Noe, Warphrarei and Yin Tai .

Agriculture

The Pa'O predominantly cultivate the leaves of the thanapet tree, onions, garlic, chili, potatoes, rice, peanuts, beans, sesame seeds, mustard leaves, and green tea.

Culture

Fire Rocket Festival

The pwe lu-phaing (Fire Rocket Festival), is celebrated from April to July. The purpose of the festival is to bring ample rain to the villages during the planting season. According to Pa'O tradition, rockets are fired to help the clouds make rain. The village headman determines the size of the rockets. The largest rockets can contain up to 20 kilograms of gunpowder and have a range of 5–6 miles. The rockets, originally made from bamboo, are currently made from iron. Prior to firing, the rocket is carried once around the local temple on someone's shoulder. The festival also demonstrates the unity and friendship among different villages as they gather together for one week. "Pwe" means festival, "Lue" means donation and "Phaing" means to remove sins.[3]

National Day

Pa'O National Day, or Den See Lar Bway, is celebrated on the full moon day of Tabaung, which falls in March.[4] The National Day is a day to remember ancestors and past leaders, such as King Suriya Janthar, whose birthday is also celebrated on National Day. There is a grand parade through Taunggyi followed by a festival.[5]

Religious beliefs

The majority of Pa'O people follow Buddhism, which means that most of their festivals are based on Buddhist festival days. Some Pa'O are Christian, and some maintain Animist beliefs. Poy Sang Long (Burmese: ရှင်ပြုပွဲ; Pa'O: ပွယ်ႏသျှင်ႏလောင်ꩻ) celebrates the initiation of young boys as novice monks. On reaching adulthood, being ordained a monk is considered a family celebration. During Buddhist Lent, from August to October, Pa'O youth participate in the Pwe Lip May Bo (Pa'O: ပွယ်ႏလိပ့်ꩻမေႏဗို; Burmese: မီးကြာလှည့်ပွဲ) ceremony. On the monthly full-moon nights, new-moon nights, and both half-moon nights, they surround their local temple with lanterns suspended on strings raised by supporting bamboo stands. The bamboo stands are used to carry the lanterns around the temple three times, the candles being lit as they are carried, as a show of respect to Buddha.

Origin story

The Pa'O origin story states that they are derived from a shaman (weizza), and a female dragon.

Dress
Pa'O woman harvesting chilies

The Pa'O people of upper Myanmar commonly wear black or navy blue. The traditional outfit of the Pa'O consists of a turban, a white shirt, black or navy jacket and long black trousers for men. The women's traditional Pa'O outfit consists of five pieces: a blouse, a jacket, a longyi that covers the knees, a turban, and two large, conical shaped hair pins. Both men and women pin a Pa'O flag badge on to their jacket. It represents the Zawgyi and dragon from their origin story. Men use a large red sling bag to carry knives, hoes or long choppers. Women use a cane or bamboo sling basket. Those from lower Myanmar wear Burmese style clothing.

Marriages

To initiate a marriage, first the young man's parents ask the young woman's parents for the hand of their daughter in marriage on behalf or their son. Her parents can take four or five days to discuss their daughter's wishes. According to custom, guests at the marriage ceremony tie cotton threads around the wrists of both the bridegroom and bride, joining them together while blessing the couple with their best wishes. Common presents include money, farmland, houses, buffaloes, male cows and household items.

Funerals

Villagers take care of funeral arrangements. The body is kept for a couple of nights at home. Food is cooked to offer to the monks and people play card games as a way of giving constant companionship to the departed. After two or three days, the family give praise to the person who died. Common people are buried, while monks are cremated.

Literature

Khun Sein Win, pen-name Kanbawza Maung Phone Yee, was born on 31 August 1948 in the village of North Inya in the southern Shan State of Myanmar. Since graduating from Mandalay Arts and Science University with a B.A., he has received many awards and prizes for his novels and feature magazine articles.[6] His most famous book, I Want to Say, about Pa'O history, was published in 1985. He has written articles for the Myawaddy, Shu Ma Wa, Ngwe Tayi, Myat Mingala and Doh Kyaungtha magazines. Since 1993 he has chaired the Literature and Magazine Association in Taunggyi. He has worked as an editor for the Shan State Peaceful and Development Council monthly magazine, Kanbawza New Bulletin, and he has been a member of the Shan State Women Committee. He lives in Taunggyi, where he continues to study and write literature. He is also a renowned speaker.

Music

Khun Thar Doon (1940–1978) was one of the early recording stars of Pa'O music. He set up the first Pa'O modern band in the early 1970s. One of his famous songs is "Tee Ree Ree", a song about Pa'O solidarity.[7] This song is still sung at traditional festivals today. He is on the cover of Guitars of the Golden Triangle: Folk and Pop Music of Myanmar (Burma), Vol. 2.[8] Some of the artists appearing on the compilation cover songs he wrote.

Political institutions

Aung Kham Hti is the leader of the Pa-O National Organization (PNO). The party currently has three representatives in the People's Assembly, one in the National Assembly and six in the Local Assembly.[9] Khun San Lwin, a former member of the PNO, is currently Chairman of the Pa'O Self-Administered Zone.[10]

Notable Pa'O
gollark: GPUs do this, kind of. GPUs are fast. Therefore, do this.
gollark: Obvious objections:- "what do you even mean, gollark, that sounds like just ILP but stupider" - maybe, yes, the main difference being execution of separate bits of the program at once- "why did you just invent SIMD but worse, ish" - oops- "but cache contention" - too bad, consume bees
gollark: Well, the obvious* solution to program counter counterness is to just add more program counters, by which I mean hardware-accelerated greenerer threads with no context-switching overhead for more effectively utilizing execution units.
gollark: Advantages of expanding out powers:- leaves less RAM unused. Unused RAM is wasted RAM!- differentiation can be defined more lazily- palaiologos suffers- fewer rulesDisadvantages:- none
gollark: Of course. I was just being very lazy.

References
  1. Interactive Myanmar map, archived from the original on 8 July 2013, retrieved 22 April 2014
  2. Pa-Oh National Organization (2010). Pyidaungzu De-Ga Pa-Oh: Union of Pa-Oh (ပြည်ထောင်စု ထဲက ပအိုဝ်း. Pa-Oh National Organization. p. 23.
  3. Ni Lu Phaing (A song about the Fire Rocket Festival), retrieved 10 April 2014
  4. Nandar Chann (May 2004). "Pa-O: The Forgotten People". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  5. News report about Pa-Oh National Day, retrieved 2 April 2014
  6. Bhamo Tin Aung (October 1978). ကိုလိုနီခေတ် မြန်မာ့သမိုင်း (Myanmar History of Colony Era). p. 22.
  7. Tee Ree Ree Cover Version, retrieved 2 April 2014
  8. Sublime Frequencies: Guitars of the Golden Triangle: Folk and Pop Music of Myanmar (Burma), Vol. 2., retrieved 18 April 2014
  9. Altsean, retrieved 22 April 2014
  10. Kyaw, Hsu Mon (3 June 2014). "Without Knowledge, We Can't Attempt to Develop". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  11. Than Shwe—Man in the Iron Mask
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