PICO process

The PICO process (or framework) is a mnemonic used in evidence based practice (and specifically Evidence Based Medicine) to frame and answer a clinical or health care related question.[1] The PICO framework is also used to develop literature search strategies, for instance in systematic reviews.[2] The PICO acronym stands for[3][4]

P – Patient, Problem or Population
I – Intervention
C – Comparison, control or comparator[5]
O – Outcome(s) (e.g. pain, fatigue, nausea, infections, death)

Alternatives such as SPICE and PECO (among many others) can also be used. Some authors suggest adding T and S, as follows:

T - Timing, duration or date of publication (e.g. measured at 1-month of follow-up, published between 1990 and 2000)
S - Study type (e.g. randomized controlled trial, cohort study, etc.)

Examples

Clinical question: "In children with headache, is paracetamol more effective than placebo against pain?"

Population = Children with headaches; keywords = children + headache
Intervention = Paracetamol; keyword = paracetamol
Compared with = Placebo; keyword = placebo
Outcome of interest = Pain; keyword = pain

Pubmed (health research database) search strategy: children headache paracetamol placebo pain

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gollark: No.

gollark: I mean, yes, statically typed ones tend to be easier to write good compilers for, but you can have fast dynamically typed languages and slow statically typed languages.

References

Huang X, Lin J, Demner-Fushman D (2006). "Evaluation of PICO as a knowledge representation for clinical questions" (PDF). AMIA Annu Symp Proc: 359–63. PMC 1839740. PMID 17238363.
Schardt C, Adams MB, Owens T, Keitz S, Fontelo P (2007). "Utilization of the PICO framework to improve searching PubMed for clinical questions". BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 7: 16. doi:10.1186/1472-6947-7-16. PMC 1904193. PMID 17573961.
"Asking a Good Question (PICO)". 17 November 2004. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
Richardson, WS (1995). "The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence based-decisions". APC Journal Club. 123, 3: A12–A13.
"Chapter 2. Systematic Review Methods -- AHRQ Technical Reviews and Summaries -- NCBI Bookshelf". Retrieved 2010-05-18.

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[pmid17238363-1] Huang X, Lin J, Demner-Fushman D (2006). "Evaluation of PICO as a knowledge representation for clinical questions" (PDF). AMIA Annu Symp Proc: 359–63. PMC 1839740. PMID 17238363.

[pmid17573961-2] Schardt C, Adams MB, Owens T, Keitz S, Fontelo P (2007). "Utilization of the PICO framework to improve searching PubMed for clinical questions". BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 7: 16. doi:10.1186/1472-6947-7-16. PMC 1904193. PMID 17573961.

[urlPICO-3] "Asking a Good Question (PICO)". 17 November 2004. Retrieved 2010-05-18.

[4] Richardson, WS (1995). "The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence based-decisions". APC Journal Club. 123, 3: A12–A13.

[urlChapter_2._Systematic_Review_Methods_--_AHRQ_Technical_Reviews_and_Summaries_--_NCBI_Bookshelf-5] "Chapter 2. Systematic Review Methods -- AHRQ Technical Reviews and Summaries -- NCBI Bookshelf". Retrieved 2010-05-18.