Outrigger ski

Outrigger skis are skis that are used by para-skiers to assist with balance, turn, control their speed, stop and amplify the direction of turns. They vary in size and height, and include different features. Depending on the total number of skis used by the skier, outrigger configuration is sometimes called "Three Track Skiing" or "Four Track Skiing". When falling, skiers are taught to move their arms to prevent falling on the outrigger and injuring themselves.

Australian skier David Munk goes down a hill at the Winter Paralympics with the aid of outriggers

Equipment use

Outrigger skis were used on sleds during the 1960s as a way of keeping a traditional sled balanced by putting a third ski underneath the sled.[1][2] Now, outrigger skis are skis that are used to help skiers balance, turn, control their speed and stop.[3] They also help to amplify the direction of a turn initiated by shifts in the upper body.[4]

In para-skiing, outrigger skis are an assistive device used by skiers with balance issues or amputations.[5] They are used in both para-alpine skiing and para-Nordic skiing.[6] The outrigger for para-skiing was first developed during the 1940s by Franz Wendel to enable him to ski following an accident that resulted in one of his legs being amputated.[7] The origins of the outrigger for para-skiing connect to a crutch with a flip-ski attached to the end that was developed in Canada.[8][9]

When a pair of outriggers are used for a skier with two skis, this is sometimes known as "Four track skiing".[8][9] When a skier uses one ski and a pair of outriggers, this is called "Three track skiing."[8][9]

Equipment design

Outrigger skis come in a variety of sizes depending on the height of the skier and the type of skiing they will be doing.[9] Outriggers can have different features depending on the needs of the skiers. One feature is a saw-tooth tail, which is often used by beginning skiers.[10] Modern outrigger skis have two parts, a short ski attached to the bottom of a Lofstrand crutch.[5] Outriggers can be adapted for use by skiers with arm amputations.[8]

Some outriggers have a system built into them to allow pegs to be included so the outrigger can be used to aid in walking.[10] Outriggers are sized for the back of the outrigger ski to line up with the heel of a skier's boot.[10] There is an outrigger designed for going up hills.[11] Downhill outriggers are unweighted.[11] When falling, a skier should move their arms to bring the outrigger away from their body lest the outrigger cause them injury.[12]

gollark: Because:- if they're not robust against these problems, then a leak of the network means you can meddle with cars- it makes it harder for new companies to enter the self-driving-car space- you would need some sort of really evil DRM scheme to stop people just... reading the neural network out of the car's computer systems- trusting your life to closed-source systems is problematic
gollark: Well, then that's ALSO bad.
gollark: BEE POLL!
gollark: Which is vaguely worrying for self-driving cars.
gollark: If your neural network is public, people could probably do !!FUN!! stuff like trick it into flagging regular stuff as evil offensiveness by tweaking a few pixels.

References
  1. Hearst Magazines 1964, p. 152.
  2. Bradburn 2011, p. 39.
  3. Kosut 2010, p. 338.
  4. Vanlandewijck & Thompson 2011, p. 304.
  5. Winnick 2010, p. 559.
  6. Kasser & Lytle 2005, p. 212.
  7. Armstrong & van Mechelen 2008, p. 556.
  8. Bainbridge 1985, p. 30.
  9. Winnick 2010, p. 560.
  10. Bainbridge 1985, p. 35.
  11. Bainbridge 1985, p. 37.
  12. Bainbridge 1985, p. 36.

Bibliography
  • Armstrong, Neil; van Mechelen, Willem (2008). Paediatric Exercise Science and Medicine. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923248-2. Retrieved 13 October 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bainbridge, Donna Bernhardt (1985). Recreation for the Disabled Child. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-86656-263-8. Retrieved 13 October 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bradburn, Morris (2011). Growing Up North. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4620-1894-9. Retrieved 13 October 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hearst Magazines (1964). Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. ISSN 0032-4558. Retrieved 13 October 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kasser, Susan L.; Lytle, Rebecca K. (2005). Inclusive Physical Activity: A Lifetime Of Opportunities. Human Kinetics. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-7360-3684-9. Retrieved 13 October 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kosut, Mary (2010). The Body Reader: Essential Social and Cultural Readings. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9565-1. Retrieved 13 October 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Winnick, Joseph P. (2010). Adapted Physical Education and Sport. Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-0-7360-8918-0. Retrieved 13 October 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Vanlandewijck, Yves; Thompson, Walter (2011). The Paralympic Athlete: Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-4828-6. Retrieved 13 October 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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