Ottoman–Hotaki War (1722–1727)
The Ottoman–Hotaki War of 1722–1727 were a series of conflicts fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Hotaki dynasty of Afghanistan over control of all western and northwestern parts of Iran.
| Ottoman–Hotaki War of 1722–1727 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Hotaki Empire | Ottoman Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Ashraf Hotaki |
Sultan Ahmed III Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Less numerous military forces | Numerically superior military forces | ||||||||
Background
The Hotakis were a Pashtun (ethnic Afghan) tribe and dynasty that ruled over parts of modern Afghanistan and Iran[1][2] from 1722 to 1729, after having taken advantage of the heavily declining and plagued by civil strife and royal intrigues Safavid Dynasty of Persia. The Safavids, once the arch enemy and most powerful opponent of the Ottomans, had been severely declining since the late 17th century due to incompetent rulers and civil strife. The Hotaki dynasty was founded in 1709 by Ghilzai Pashtuns of Kandahar who led a successful revolution against their Safavid suzerains.
During the decline of the Safavid state, the Ottoman Empire (the rivals of the Safavids), and Russian empires, had taken advantage of Iran's decadence to annex de facto a large number of frontier districts. Folling the Pashtun invasion, the Russians under Peter I immediately launched the Russo-Persian War (1722–1723), capturing and securing Iran's northwestern territories for themselves, comprising parts of Dagestan, Azerbaijan and Baku, as well as several territories in contemporary northern mainland Iran, such as Gilan and Astrabad. The Ottomans invaded from the Safavids their neighbouring west, capturing swaths of Iran's western territories. By the Treaty of Constantinople (1724), Russia and the Ottomans agreed to divide the captured regions from Iran.
War
Ashraf, posing as the rightful ruler (Shah) of Persia, demanded restitution of all the annexed territories. The Ottomans took offense at this perceived arrogance, and proceeded to sever relations with Afghanistan and open hostilities in Azerbaijan in the spring of 1726. Since one of the Ottoman's declared war aims was to restore the Safavids as a client dynasty, Ashraf's first response was to put Sultan Husayn, who was living in captivity at Isfahan, to death in the autumn of 1726. Then, after strengthening the city's fortifications, he marched out to meet Turkish troops and defeated them at Khoramabad, south of Hamadan, on 20 November 1726.
The Afghan victory over a greatly superior military opponent was largely due to infiltration of the Ottoman ranks by agents provocateurs who emphasized the common Sunni faith of the Turks and the Pashtuns deplored the fratricidal war between them, and advocated alliance against their common enemies, the "heretical" Persians; this adroit tactic sapped the morale of the Turkish troops and procured the defection of the Kurdish cavalry.
Preferring not to push onward, Ashraf opened negotiations which led to the signature of a peace treaty in October, 1727 (Treaty of Hamedan). The Afghans, having little or no earlier experience about diplomacy or ruling a nation, agreed with the treaty which confirmed Ottoman sovereignty over all the western and northwestern parts of Iran and, in return for Ashraf's abandonment of his territorial claims, gave him official recognition as Shah of Persia with rights of minting coins and sending annual pilgrimage caravans to Mecca.[3]
Aftermath
The great majority of Iranians still rejected the Pashtun regime as usurping since the day they invaded.[4] The dynasty lived under great turmoil due to bloody succession feuds and resultant waves of internal revolts that made their hold on power tenuous and exhausted the strength of the Isfahan-based central government. That paved way for the rise of the Iranian military general Nader Shah and subsequently the continued wars of the Persian Empire with their Ottoman arch rivals.
See also
- Treaty of Constantinople (1724) – treaty between the Ottoman and the Russian Empire, dividing large portions of the territory of Persia between them, in time of decline of the Safavid Empire.
References
- http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gilzi-
- Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present, page 78
- Balland 2011, Ašraf Ḡilzay.
- Afghanistan Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments
Sources
- Balland, D. (August 17, 2011) [1987], "Ašraf Ḡilzay", Encyclopædia Iranica, retrieved December 2011 Check date values in:
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Further reading
- Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2009), "November 8, 1726", A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East (illustrated ed.), ABC-CLIO, p. 727, ISBN 9781851096725