Origines

Origines (Latin for "Origins") is the title of a lost work on Roman and Italian history by Cato the Elder, composed in the mid-2nd century BC.

For the encyclopedia by Isidore of Seville, see Etymologiae.

Contents

According to Cato's biographer Cornelius Nepos, the Origins consisted of seven books.[1] Book I was the history of the founding and kings of Rome. Books II and III covered the origins of major Italian city[1] and gave the work its title.[2] The last four books dealt with the Roman Republic, its wars, and its growing power,[1] focused on the period between the onset of the First Punic War up to 149 BC.

When Cato wrote, there had been four major works devoted to Roman history: Naevius and Ennius had written in Latin verse and Fabius Pictor and Alimentus had written in Greek prose. The two poetic works closely tied the history of Rome to its gods. The two prose works apparently hewed closely to the annals of the pontifex maximus. Feeling no need to follow precedent, Roman or otherwise,[3] Cato declared:

I do not care to copy out what is on the High Priest's tablet: how many times grain became dear, how many times the sun or moon were obscured or eclipsed.[4]

In his books on the Italian cities, Cato apparently treated each individually and drew upon their own local traditions.[5]

The latter books include at least two of Cato's political orations verbatim, something thought to have been unique in ancient historiography.[2] The first was his oration to the Roman Senate against declaring war on Rhodes in 167 BC. The other was his oration to the Senate supporting legislation to establish a special court of inquiry regarding Sulpicius Galba's treatment of the Lusitani.[2] Although he avoided mentioning military commanders by name, the work's surviving fragments suggest that he also focused a great deal of attention on his own campaigns as a general.

History

The Origins is a lost work, with no complete text surviving to the modern day. Its fragments in other works[6] have been collected and translated.

Influence

Festus felt that the last four books on Rome's rising power "outweighed the rest",[7] but later Roman historians largely disregarded the Origins because it eschewed consular dating[8] and highlighted his own political career so heavily. Livy pointedly remarked that Cato was "not the man to minimize his own achievements".[9]

In the present day, the Origins is considered to be the beginning of proper historiography in Latin[2] and considered to have been an important work in the development of Latin literature.

References

Notes

1. Cornelius Nepos, Life of Cato, §3.
2. Briscoe (2010).
3. Dalby (1998), pp. 14–15.
4. Chassignet (1986), Fragment 4.1.
5. Cornell (1972).
6. Cornell (1988), p. 211.
7. Festus, On the Meanings of Words, p. 198 M.
8. Frier (1979), p. 260.
9. Livy, History of Rome, XXXIV, xv, 9.

Bibliography

• Badian, Ernst (1966), "The early historians", in T. A. Dorey (ed.), Latin Historians, London
• Briscoe, John (2010), "The Fragments of Cato's Origines", Colloquial and Literary Latin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–160.
• Chassignet, M. (1986), Caton: Les Origines. Fragments, Paris: Collection Budé, Les Belles Lettres
• Cornell, T. J. (1972), The Origines of Cato and the non-Roman historical tradition about ancient Italy. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of London
• Cornell, T.J. (1988). "Rev. of Chassignet, Les Origines (Fragments)". The Journal of Roman Studies. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. 78: 211–12. doi:10.2307/301466. JSTOR 301466.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Dalby, Andrew (1998), Cato: On Farming, Totnes: Prospect Books, ISBN 0-907325-80-7
• Frier, Bruce W. (1979), Libri Annales Pontificum Maximorum: The Origins of the Annalistic Tradition, Rome: American Academy.