Oracle Database

Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle DBMS or simply as Oracle) is a multi-model[4] database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation.

Oracle Database
Developer(s)Oracle Corporation
Initial release1979 (1979)
Stable release
19c[1] / 2019-02-13[±]
Written inAssembly language, C, C++[2]
TypeMulti-model database
LicenseProprietary[3]
Websiteoracle.com/database

It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing (OLTP), data warehousing (DW) and mixed (OLTP & DW) database workloads. Oracle Database is available by serveral service providers on-prem, on-cloud, or as hybrid cloud installation. It may be run on third party servers as well as on Oracle hardware (Exadata on-prem, on Oracle Cloud or at Cloud at Customer [5]). Exclusively for Cloud customers Oracle offers Oracle Autonomous Database [6] providing fully automated operation procedures.

History

Larry Ellison and his two friends and former co-workers, Bob Miner and Ed Oates, started a consultancy called Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977. SDL developed the original version of the Oracle software. The name Oracle comes from the code-name of a CIA-funded project Ellison had worked on while formerly employed by Ampex.[7]

Releases and versions

Oracle products follow a custom release-numbering and -naming convention. The "c" in the current release, Oracle Database 19c, stands for "Cloud". Previous releases (e.g. Oracle Database 10g and Oracle9i Database) have used suffixes of "g" and "i" which stand for "Grid" and "Internet" respectively. Prior to the release of Oracle8i Database, no suffixes featured in Oracle Database naming conventions. Note that there was no v1 of Oracle Database, as co-founder Larry Ellison "knew no one would want to buy version 1".[8] Oracle's RDBMS release numbering has used the following codes:

Oracle
Database
Version		 Initial
Release
Version		 Initial
Release
Date		 Terminal
Patchset
Version		 Terminal
Patchset
Date		 Marquee
Features
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle v2 2.3 1979 First commercially available SQL-based RDBMS implementing some basic SQL queries and simple joins[9]
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle v3 3.1.3 1983 Concurrency control, data distribution, and scalability
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle v4 4.1.4.0 1984 4.1.4.4 Multiversion read consistency. First version available for MS-DOS.[10][11]
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle v5 5.0.22 (5.1.17) 1985 5.1.22 Support for client/server computing and distributed database systems. First version available for OS/2.[12]
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle v6 6.0.17 1988 6.0.37 Row-level locking, scalability, online backup and recovery, PL/SQL. First version available for Novell Netware 386.[13]
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle 6.2 6.2.0 Oracle Parallel Server
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle7 7.0.12 June 1992 PL/SQL stored procedures, Triggers, Distributed 2-phase commit, Shared Cursors, Cost Based Optimizer
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle 7.1 7.1.0 May 1994 Parallel SQL Execution. First version available for Windows NT.[14]
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle 7.2 7.2.0 May 1995 Shared Server, XA Transactions, Transparent Application Failover
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle 7.3 7.3.0 February 1996 7.3.4 Object-relational database
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle8 Database 8.0.3 June 1997 8.0.6 Recovery Manager, Partitioning. First version available for Linux.[15]
style="background-color: #FDB3AB; " title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="Oracle8i Database" | Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle8i Database 8.1.5.0 1998 8.1.7.4 August 2000 Native internet protocols and Java, Virtual Private Database
style="background-color: #FDB3AB; " title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="Oracle9i Database" | Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle9i Database 9.0.1.0 2001 9.0.1.5 December 2003 Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC), Oracle XML DB
style="background-color: #FDB3AB; " title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="Oracle9i Database Release 2" | Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle9i Database Release 2 9.2.0.1 2002 9.2.0.8 April 2007 Advanced Queuing, Data Mining, Streams, Logical Standby
style="background-color: #FDB3AB; " title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="Oracle Database 10g Release 1" | Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle Database 10g Release 1 10.1.0.2 2003 10.1.0.5 February 2006 Automated Database Management, Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor, Grid infrastructure, Oracle ASM, Flashback Database
style="background-color: #FDB3AB; " title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="Oracle Database 10g Release 2" | Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle Database 10g Release 2 10.2.0.1 July 2005 [16] 10.2.0.5 April 2010 Real Application Testing, Database Vault, Online Indexing, Advanced Compression, Data Guard Fast-Start Failover, Transparent Data Encryption
style="background-color: #FDB3AB; " title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="Oracle Database 11g Release 1" | Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle Database 11g Release 1 11.1.0.6 September 2007 11.1.0.7 September 2008 Active Data Guard, Secure Files, Exadata
style="background-color: #FDB3AB; " title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="Oracle Database 11g Release 2" | Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle Database 11g Release 2 11.2.0.1 September 2009 [17] 11.2.0.4 August 2013 Edition Based Redefinition, Data Redaction, Hybrid Columnar Compression, Cluster File System, Golden Gate Replication, Database Appliance
style="background-color: #FDB3AB; " title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="Oracle Database 12c Release 1" | Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle Database 12c Release 1 12.1.0.1 July 2013 [18] 12.1.0.2 July 2014 Multitenant architecture, In-Memory Column Store, Native JSON, SQL Pattern Matching, Database Cloud Service
class="templateVersion co" style="background-color: #FEF8C6; " title="Older version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="Oracle Database 12c Release 2" | Older version, yet still maintained: Oracle Database 12c Release 2 12.2.0.1 September 2016 (cloud)

March 2017 (on-prem)

 Native Sharding, Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance, Exadata Cloud Service, Cloud at Customer
Older version, yet still maintained: Oracle Database 18c 18.1.0 // 12.2.0.2 February 2018 (Cloud & Engineered Systems: 18.1.0)[19]

July 2018 (on-prem: 18.3.0)[20]

 Polymorphic Table Functions, Active Directory Integration
Current stable version: Oracle Database 19c 19.1.0 // 12.2.0.3 February 2019 (Exadata)[21]

April 2019 (Linux and other platforms)[22]

June 2019 (cloud)

August 2019 (most recent patch set)[23]

 Active Data Guard DML Redirection, Automatic Index Creation, Real-Time Statistics Maintenance, SQL Queries on Object Stores, In-Memory for IoT Data Streams, and many more.
Legend:
Old version
Older version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

The Oracle Database Administrators Guide includes a brief history on some of the key innovations introduced with each major release of Oracle Database.

Patch updates and security alerts

Oracle Corporation releases Critical Patch Updates (CPUs) or Security Patch Updates (SPUs)[24] and Security Alerts to close security vulnerabilities. These releases are issued quarterly; some of these releases have updates issued prior to the next quarterly release.

Market position

A 2016 Gartner report claimed to show Oracle holding #1 RDBMS market share worldwide based on the revenue share ahead of its four closest competitors – Microsoft, IBM, SAP and Teradata .[25]

Competition

In the market for relational databases, Oracle Database competes against commercial products such as IBM's DB2 UDB and Microsoft SQL Server. Oracle and IBM tend to battle for the mid-range database market on Unix and Linux platforms, while Microsoft dominates the mid-range database market on Microsoft Windows platforms. However, since they share many of the same customers, Oracle and IBM tend to support each other's products in many middleware and application categories (for example: WebSphere, PeopleSoft, and Siebel Systems CRM), and IBM's hardware divisions work closely with Oracle on performance-optimizing server-technologies (for example, Linux on IBM Z). Niche commercial competitors include Teradata (in data warehousing and business intelligence), Software AG's ADABAS, Sybase, and IBM's Informix, among many others.

Increasingly, the Oracle database products compete against such open-source software relational and non-relational database systems as PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Couchbase, Neo4j and others. Oracle acquired Innobase, supplier of the InnoDB codebase to MySQL, in part to compete better against open source alternatives, and acquired Sun Microsystems, owner of MySQL, in 2010. Database products licensed as open-source are, by the legal terms of the Open Source Definition, free to distribute and free of royalty or other licensing fees.

gollark: Like what? What else is there?
gollark: If you just need to protect a camera sensor maybe you could use an LCD or something, it could probably respond quicker than a mechanical thing.
gollark: I don't think you could have that deploy fast enough.
gollark: Well, you could blind their sensors too, although those are more replaceable than human eyes.
gollark: Or advanced "blindfold" technology.

See also

References
  1. "Oracle Database 19c : Now available on Oracle Exadata". oracle.com.
  2. Lextrait, Vincent (March 2016). "The Programming Languages Beacon, v16". Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  3. "OTN Standard License", Technical network, Oracle.
  4. "Multimodel Database with Oracle Database 12c Release 2" (PDF). Oracle. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  5. "Exadata" (PDF), Technical network, Oracle.
  6. "Larry Ellison Introduces 'A Big Deal': The Oracle Autonomous Database". Forbes. 2 October 2017. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  7. "Welcome to Larryland". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
  8. Julie Bort (29 September 2014). "Larry Ellison Is A Billionaire Today Thanks to the CIA". Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  9. Departments of Informatics. "Oracle V2". Virtual Exhibitions in Informatics. University of Klagenfurt. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  10. Webster, Robin (13 November 1984). "PC Relational Database? New Answer is Oracle". PC Magazine. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  11. Gralike, Marco (4 April 2006). "Back to the future (Oracle 4.1 VM appliance)". amis.nl. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  12. Mace, Scott (30 January 1989). "DOS Version of Professional Oracle 5.1B Adds SQL Report Writer". InfoWorld. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  13. O'Brien, Timothy (29 April 1991). "Oracle8 on Linux shows promise". InfoWorld. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  14. Nash, Kim (3 October 1994). "Oracle users ponder product overload". Infoworld. IDG Enterprise. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  15. Biggs, Maggie (5 October 1998). "Oracle8 on Linux shows promise". InfoWorld. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  16. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. https://blogs.oracle.com/database/oracle-database-18c-:-now-available-on-the-oracle-cloud-and-oracle-engineered-systems
  20. https://community.oracle.com/community/support/support-blogs/database-support-blog/blog/2018/07/23/oracle-database-18c-now-available-for-on-premises
  21. https://blogs.oracle.com/database/oracle-database-19c-now-available-on-oracle-exadata-v3
  22. https://blogs.oracle.com/database/oracle-database-19c-now-available-on-linux-v3
  23. "Database Release Notes". Oracle Help Center. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  24. Baransel, Emre (2013). Oracle Data Guard 11gR2 Administration Beginner's Guide. Packt Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781849687911. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2014. You should not get confused between Critical Patch Update (CPU) and Security Patch Update (SPU) as CPU terminology has been changed to SPU from October 2012.
  25. "Login Page". www.gartner.com. Retrieved 15 December 2017.

Bibliography
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