Obol (coin)

The obol (Greek: ὀβολός, obolos, also ὀβελός (obelós), ὀβελλός (obellós), ὀδελός (odelós). lit. "nail, metal spit";[1] Latin: obolus) was a form of ancient Greek currency and weight.

For the modern Greek currency, see the Ionian obol; for the British currency, see the halfpenny; for the brachiopod genus, see Obolidae.
Not to be confused with Obelus.
Obols through history
Six rod-shaped obols discovered at the Heraion of Argos (above). Six obols forming one drachma.
Silver Obol of Athens, dated 515–510 BC. Obv. Gorgoneion Rev. Incuse square.
Charon's obol. 5th–1st century BC.
LUCANIA, Metapontion. c. 425–350 BC. Æ 21 mm.
An obol of the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius, 12 mm in diameter.
A 19th-century obol from the British-occupied Ionian Islands.

Currency

Obols were used from early times. According to Plutarch they were originally spits of copper or bronze traded by weight, while six obols make a drachma or a handful, since that was as many as the hand could grasp.[2] Heraklides of Pontus in his work on "Etymologies" mentions the obols of Heraion and derives the origin of obolos from obelos. This is confirmed by the historian Ephorus on his work On Inventions. Excavations at Argos discovered several dozen of these early obols, dated well before 800 BC; they are now displayed at the Numismatic Museum of Athens. Archaeologists today describe the iron spits as "utensil-money" since excavated hoards indicate that during the Late Geometric period they were exchanged in handfuls (drachmae) of six spits,[3] they were not used for manufacturing artifacts as metallurgical analyses suggest, but they were most likely used as token-money.[4] Plutarch states the Spartans had an iron obol of four coppers. They retained the cumbersome and impractical bars rather than proper coins to discourage the pursuit of wealth.[5]

In Classical Athens, obols were traded as silver coins. Six obols made up the drachma. There were also coins worth two obols ("diobol") and three obols ("triobol"). Each obol was divisible into eight "coppers" (χαλκοί, khalkoí). During this era, an obol purchased a kantharos and chous (3 liters or 6 pints) of wine.[6] Three obols was a standard rate for prostitutes.

Funerary use
Main article: Charon's obol

The deceased were buried with an obol placed in the mouth of the corpse, so that—once a deceased's shade reached Hades—they would be able to pay Charon for passage across the river Acheron or Styx. Legend had it that those without enough wealth or whose friends refused to follow proper burial rites were forced to wander the banks of the river for one hundred years until they were allowed to cross it.[7]

Weight

The obol[8] or obolus[9] was also a measurement of Greek, Roman, and apothecaries' weight.

In ancient Greece, it was generally reckoned as ​1⁄6 drachma (c. 0.72 grams (0.025 oz)).[10][11] Under Roman rule, it was defined as ​1⁄48 of a Roman ounce or about 0.57 grams (0.020 oz).[12] The apothecaries' system also reckoned the obol or obolus as ​1⁄48 ounce or ​1⁄2 scruple.

Literary use

The obolus, along with the mirror, was a symbol of new schismatic heretics in the short story "The Theologians" by Argentine author Jorge Luis Borges.[13] In the story's discussion of the circularity of time, eternity, and the transmigration of the soul through several bodies the author uses a quotation of Luke 12:59, mistranslated as "no one will be released from prison until he has paid the last obolus"[13] since Luke calls the coin a lepton (a somewhat smaller denomination) rather than an obolus.

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See also

References
  1. ὀβολός. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
  2. Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Life of Lysander, para. 17
  3. Biba Teržan "L'aristocrazia femminile nella prima età del Ferro"
  4. "The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age" by Harry Fokkens & Anthony Harding
  5. Plutarch, Lycurgus 9
  6. Davidson, James (1998). Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens. London: Fontana Press. p. 59. ISBN 0-00-686343-4.
  7. Virgil, Aeneid 6, 324–330.
  8. Oxford English Dictionary. "obol, n."
  9. Oxford English Dictionary. "obolus, n."
  10. British Museum Catalogue 11 – Attica Megaris Aegina
  11. Weight Standards and Denominations, Tulane University Archived 2015-05-04 at the Wayback Machine
  12. Sayles, Wayne G. (1997). Ancient coin collecting 3. Iola: Krause Publications. p. 19. ISBN 0-87341-533-7.
  13. Borges, Jorge Luis (1962). Labyrinths. New York: New Directions Publishing Corporation. pp. 122–24. ISBN 978-0-8112-0012-7.
  14. Albert Peel, Seconde parte of a register: being a calendar of manuscripts under that title (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 175, note.
  • 2. Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1914 Plutarch, Lycurgus, 9
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