Nicollet Island

Nicollet Island is an island in the Mississippi River just north of Saint Anthony Falls in central Minneapolis, Minnesota. According to the United States Census Bureau the island has a land area of 194,407 square metres (0.075 sq mi) and a 2000 census population of 144 persons. The island makes up a large part of the city-designated Nicollet Island/East Bank neighborhood. The island is named for cartographer Joseph Nicollet, who mapped the Upper Mississippi in the 1830s.[1]

Visitors get ready for a ride in a horsedrawn carriage near the Nicollet Island Inn.
Lower end of Nicollet Island in 2006

The island lies in the middle of the Mississippi, crossed by the Hennepin Avenue Bridge connecting Downtown and Northeast Minneapolis. The island is so near to Saint Anthony Falls that if the northward movement of the falls had not been stopped in the late 19th century, the island would no longer exist.[2] In the early 19th century Nicollet Island was one of six islands near the falls, but all the others have been destroyed or joined to the east bank.[3]

The island was the site of the first bridge across the Mississippi River, opened in 1855, on the site of the present Hennepin Avenue Bridge. It is part of Saint Anthony Falls Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History

Native American history

Before the arrival of European settlers, the Minneapolis region was inhabited by the Sioux (Dakota) and Ojibwe people, to whom Saint Anthony Falls was a sacred site.[4] The Sioux used the island as a birthing place, and according to their oral tradition for ceremonies such as the vision quest and as a neutral meeting site.[5]

Settlement
Franklin Griswold's house at 163 Nicollet Street
The original bridge across the Mississippi

Nicollet Island and the rest of the area of the falls were opened to settlement in 1838. Several settlers tried to obtain the best land near the falls, of whom Fort Snelling's sutler, Franklin Steele, took the best part of the east bank including Nicollet Island.[6] He purchased the land for $1.25 per acre, which comes to about $60 for the island.[7] After Steele obtained proper title to his land in 1848, he turned his energies to building a sawmill at Saint Anthony Falls to cut lumber from upriver, which began operations in September 1848. He built a dam on the east channel of the river between Nicollet Island and Hennepin Island. Steele platted the townsite of St. Anthony, which became a large city before merging with Minneapolis in 1872, on the east bank of the river.[8] In 1848, Steele started a ferry across the river on the present site of the Hennepin Avenue Bridge.[9][7]

In 1849 the first house was built on the island, for John Wesley and Ann Loomis North. Over the 1850s and early 1860s, more houses were built on the island, including several built by Franklin C. Griswold (some of which are extant, Griswold's own at 163 Nicollet Street). The island remained thickly covered with trees, and was described as a picturesque location frequented by lovers.[10] A bridge was built between Nicollet Island and the east bank, and in 1854, Minneapolis and St. Anthony decided to build a bridge across the river. The suspension bridge that was built was the first ever to cross the Mississippi, and it opened with festivities on 23 January 1855. It was a toll bridge, originally charging 5 cents per pedestrian and 25 cents per team. The bridge was unsound and had limited capacity: photographs show signs that warned of fines for crossing too fast. The bridge brought the two communities closer together, leading to St. Anthony's later merge with Minneapolis.[11][7]

Late 19th century
The Grove Street Flats

Extensive development of the island began after it was bought by William W. Eastman and John L. Merriam in 1865. In 1866, Eastman and Merriam tried to sell the island to the city of Minneapolis, to be a park, but the proposal was rejected in a referendum.[12] Eastman and Merriam began building mills on the south side of the island and the Hennepin Island tunnel, and residential buildings on the north side. The Hennepin Island tunnel extended from Nicollet Island to the south end of Saint Anthony Falls via Hennepin Island. The tunnel collapsed in 1869, and almost destroyed Saint Anthony Falls, necessitating the building of an artificial apron for the waterfall.[13] After the failure of the tunnel, Eastman built a system of turbines and cables to provide hydropower to factories on the south end of the island, including the Island Power Building (razed in 1937, it contained a variety of shops), a plant of the Cedar Lake Ice Company, and the Island Sash and Door Company (now the Nicollet Island Inn).[12]

Eastman had his relatives and friends build their houses on the island, and built the Eastman and Grove Street Flats. Eastman's efforts lead many of the city's Gilded Age wealthy to live on the island, in the later decades of the 19th century. In 1876, a replacement suspension bridge across the Mississippi was opened. In 1867 the first railway bridge across the Mississippi in Minneapolis was built, separating the industrial south of the island and the residential north, as the Minneapolis BNSF Rail Bridge (an 1893 replacement) still does.[14][15]

In 1893, northeast Minneapolis was devastated by one of the most damaging fires in Minneapolis history, which started on Nicollet Island. In 1900 Lasallian Brothers started DeLaSalle High School on the island.[16]

20th century
The Mississippi riverfront and Saint Anthony Falls in 1915. In the foreground to the right are Nicollet Island and the Hennepin Avenue Bridge. The left side of the island, currently a park and the Nicollet Island Inn, is filled with milling buildings. At left, Pillsbury, power plants and the Stone Arch Bridge. The Washburn "A" Mill is across the river just to the left of the falls. At center left are Northwestern Consolidated mills. The tall building is Minneapolis City Hall.
The Grain Belt Beer sign, erected in the 1940s
Nicollet Island and the East Bank, ca. 1955

From the 1910s, Nicollet Island and the rest of the Gateway District declined, and the flats and houses on Nicollet Island were subdivided to create cheaper housing.[16] The island became a poor neighbourhood, owned by a few landlords, who provided little maintaince to its residential buildings. The family of Morris Lerner came to own much of the island, and ran the Island Grocery there. The Lerners were described as generous by sometime tenants and ran their store at a loss, but were described as slumlords by disgruntled tenants and the city newspapers.[17] During the 1960s, David Lerner entered into a long and public dispute with Nicollet Island residents who formed a tenants union. The tenants picketed outside his store and his home on Cedar Lake, and in response Lerner told a newspaper that his tenants were either "nice ones" or "pigs", citing the poor condition his tenants left his properties in.[18] In the 1940s, the iconic Grain Belt Beer sign was erected on the island, at the time one of the largest neon signs in the country. DeLaSalle expanded over the 20th century, demolishing and building on the site of the Eastman Flats. It became a college preparatory school, and went coeducational in 1971 by absorbing a Catholic girls' school.[19]

Redevelopment
Nicollet Island Inn

Starting in the 1950s, northern downtown was redeveloped by the city and state government, which made numerous plans to redevelop the island. Most proposals involved razing the historic buildings of the island, and in many cases replacing them with new buildings such as high-rise apartments.[7][16] In addition to various housing developments, proposals included a parking lot, an amusement park, a "historic village", and a conservation museum. City agencies favored using the island to increase recreational space near Downtown.[20][21] Island residents resisted any change. In the 1970s, the island became a concern of preservationists and was included with the rest of the Saint Anthony Falls district on the National Register of Historic Places.[16]

In the 1970s the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board made plans to make most of the island into an open area, which initially called for razing the buildings on the island, citing the cost of restoration and the value of a larger park near Downtown. In 1979 the Park Board began acquiring large parts of the island with funds from the Metropolitan Council, with a plan that would keep only the houses on the west side of the island, making the east side an open space, and keeping only the Island Sash and Door Company among the island's other buildings.[22][23][24] Because of the concerns of preservationists and residents, a further compromise redevelopment plan was made, and finalised in 1983. Following this plan, the Park Board restored the homes on the island and now owns them, but the previous residents were allowed to remain with 99-year leases despite the high cost of restoration.[16][25][26] The controversies resurfaced when DeLaSalle tried to build a football field,[22] which only went ahead after a ruling by the Minnesota Court of Appeals in 2007.[27]

Architecture
27 Maple Place, one of the smaller houses on the island, which was built in the French Second Empire style, complete with a mansard, unusual for such a small house.[28]

DeLaSalle High School, a Catholic, preparatory high school, and the Nicollet Island Inn are located on the island, as well as three multi-family residential buildings and twenty-two restored Victorian-era houses on the north end of the island.[29] The Inn was built in 1893 as the Island Sash and Door Company, and was a Salvation Army men's shelter from 1913 to the 1970s.[30]

The south end of the island is home to the Nicollet Island Pavilion event center and the Bell of Two Friends, a gift from the city of Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.[31] The pavilion was built in 1893 as the William Bros Boiler Works.[32][33]

gollark: Google say that's actually pretty common.
gollark: Maybe your code is entirely fine but your CPU has strange inconsistent behaviour when executing certain instructions.
gollark: Inside-viewishly you can probably make something which nobody can think of flaws in. Outside-viewishly computer systems almost always turn out to be broken in ridiculous ways.
gollark: Unless your random number generator is ~~wrong~~ predictable somehow.
gollark: Is the standard library free of bugs? Is libc?

References
  1. Hage & Hage 2010b, pp. 12–13.
  2. Hage & Hage 2010b, p. 5.
  3. Hage & Hage 2010b, p. 7.
  4. Hage & Hage 2010b, p. 4.
  5. Hage & Hage 2010b, pp. 7–8.
  6. Hage & Hage 2010b, pp. 14–15.
  7. Pratt, Ned (1975). "Island in the River". Common Ground (5): 65–69.
  8. Kane, Lucile M. (1987) [1966]. The Falls of St. Anthony: The Waterfall That Built Minneapolis (revised ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press.
  9. Hage & Hage 2010b, pp. 17–18.
  10. Hage & Hage 2010b, pp. 21, 30–32, 53.
  11. Hage & Hage 2010b, pp. 33–35.
  12. Berman 1980, pp. 60–62.
  13. Hage & Hage 2010a, p. 8.
  14. Hage & Hage 2010a, p. 46-47.
  15. "Nicollet Island Railroad Bridge". Bridges 2005. Minneapolis Riverfront District. 2005. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  16. Hage & Hage 2010a, pp. 8–9.
  17. Hage & Hage 2010a, pp. 100–105.
  18. Whiting, Charles (31 March 1969). "Renters who protest are 'pigs'—landlord". Minneapolis Star.
  19. Hage & Hage 2010a, p. 87.
  20. Letofsky, Irv (8 August 1965). "What Price Change For Nicollet Island?". Minneapolis Tribune.
  21. "Mixed use for Nicollet Island". Minneapolis Star. 9 May 1969.
  22. Russell, Scott (14 March 2005). "Envisioning an Island: How Nicollet Island became what it is today – a park with homeowners and, perhaps, a private school's athletic fields". Skyway News. 37 (10).
  23. Wascoe, Dan, Jr. (17 November 1978). "Nicollet Island likely to have a mixture of land uses". Minneapolis Tribune.
  24. Whiting, Charles (20 November 1978). "A plan for Nicollet Island". The Minneapolis Star.
  25. Allen, Martha A. (June 13, 1985). "Time, tenacity, political savvy help people of Nicollet Island beat City Hall". Minneapolis Star and Tribune.
  26. Padley Geisler, Karen (31 August 1987). "Island sale: city may sell island homes". Minnesota Real Estate Journal.
  27. "Appeals Court Rules For City, DeLaSalle High School: Preservation Groups Condemn Decision". Pioneer Press. 21 November 2007. p. B3.
  28. Millett 2007, p. 122.
  29. Hage & Hage 2010a, p. 7.
  30. Hage & Hage 2010b, pp. 176–177.
  31. Hage & Hage 2010a, pp. 119, 123.
  32. Peterson, Penny; Pearson, Marjorie (March 2007). Architecture and Historic Preservation on the Minneapolis Riverfront (PDF) (Report). Prepared for the Saint Anthony Falls Heritage Board by Hess, Roise and Company. p. 21. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
  33. Davison, C. Wright (1909). Davison's Minneapolis Directory. p. 303. Retrieved March 1, 2012.

Works cited
  • Berman, James, ed. (1980). Saint Anthony Falls Rediscovered. Minneapolis Riverfront Development Coordination Board. ISBN 9780960430062.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hage, C.; Hage, R.F. (2010a). Nicollet Island. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-7791-X.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hage, C.; Hage, R. (2010b). Nicollet Island: History and Architecture. Nodin Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Millett, Larry (2007). AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul. ISBN 0-87351-540-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

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