Nickel hydrazine nitrate

Nickel hydrazine nitrate
Names
	Other names Tris(hydrazine)nickel(II) nitrate; Trihydrazinenickel nitrate; NHN
Identifiers
CAS Number	82434-34-2 69101-54-8 82434-34-2 ;
Properties
Chemical formula	H12N8NiO6
Molar mass	278.839 g·mol−1
Appearance	purple solid
Boiling point	explode
Explosive data
Shock sensitivity	18.82 J
Friction sensitivity	15.6906 N
Detonation velocity	3,600 m/s @ .8 g/cm3 7,000 m/s @ 1.7 g/cm³
RE factor	1.05 @ 1.7 g/cm3
Hazards
EU classification (DSD) (outdated)	Oxidant (O); Carc. Cat. 1; Muta. Cat. 3; Repr. Cat. 2; Toxic (T); Harmful (Xn); Irritant (Xi); Dangerous for the environment (N)
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1 1 3 OX
Explosive limits	219°C
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	Infobox references

Nickel hydrazine nitrate (NHN), (chemical formula: [Ni(N₂H₄)₃](NO₃)₂ is an energetic material having explosive properties in between that of primary explosive and a secondary explosive.[1] It is a salt of a coordination compound of nickel with a reaction equation of 3N₂H₄·H₂O + Ni(NO₃)₂ →〔Ni(N₂H₄)₃〕(NO₃)₂ ＋ 3H₂O[2]

Properly made (talcum powder like consistency) [3]
Improperly made (Hard chunks, grains of sand consistency)

Preparation

NHN can be synthesized by reacting nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate with a dilute aqueous solution of hydrazine monohydrate at 65 C.[4] To help speed the drying of the product after filtration from the hot water, it can be rinsed with alcohol. The product is a fluffy powder (density=0.9 g/cm³). To increase its bulk density to (1.2 g/cm³), dextrin in the amount of (1%) of the weight of the nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate can be added.[5]

Non-primary explosive detonator (NPED)

The sensitivity of NHN straddles the line between highly sensitive primaries and a sensitive secondary. Due to this fact, NHN can be considered a true Non-primary explosive detonator. (NPED)

An added benefit of NHN is that it will make the DDT (Deflagration to Detonation) transition in a cardboard shell, thus eliminating any chance of shrapnel danger posed by using metal shells.

Safety

NHN straddles the line between primary and secondary. Because of this it is a relatively safe explosive to work with having 80x less sensitivity to friction (16.0 N) than Lead Azide (0.1N) as shown in table 2.

Friction sensitivities of some traditional explosives (lead azide – 0.1N; lead trinitroresorcinate – 1.5 N; mercury fulminate (white) – 5,0 N; tetrazene – 8.0 N; PETN – 60 N; hexogen – 120 N; octogen – 120 N, show that NHN is not very sensitive, and is thereby not exceedingly hazardous in handling.[6]

Table 1. General and structural properties of Nickel hydrazine nitrate[1]

Molecular formula	Ni H₁₂ N₈ O₆
Formula weight	278.69
Color	Purple Violet
Crystal density (g/cm³)	2.1
Average particle size (μm)	13
Nickel content (%)	21.16 (21.06) ^a
Hydrazine content (%)	34.46 (34.45) ^a
Nitrate content (%)	44.47 (44.49) ^a
Nitrogen content in coordination sphere (%)	30.25 (30.14) ^a
FTIR peaks, (cm⁻¹)	3238, 1630 (NH₂); 1356,1321 (-NO₃)
Moisture content (at 333 K for 10 min) (%)	0.34
Average mol wt of combustion products	27.35
Percent condensable Ni (l)	18
Oxygen-fuel ratio	0.8571
Oxygen balance %	-5.74

^a Values in brackets are theoretical

Table 2. Comparative properties of Nickel hydrazine nitrate and lead azide[1]

Property	Nickel hydrazine nitrate ^a	Lead azide ^b	Lead styphnate
Crystal Density (g/cm³)	2.129	4.38	3.02
Oxygen balance (%)	– 5.74 ^c	– 5.50	-19.00
Heat of combustion (kJ/kg)	5225	2635	5234
Heat of formation (kJ/mol)	– 449	469	-385
Heat of explosion (kJ/kg)	4390	1610	1912
Pressure output in closed vessel (100 mg in 48 cm³) (kg/cm²)	17.5	8.2 ^c
Onset of decomposition (K)	505.7	463	533.15
Peak of decomposition (K)	506.5	618	583.15
Friction sensitivity (kg f)	1.6	0.02	.15
Impact sensitivity (cm, 400 g wt, 20 mg sample, 50% explosion)	21 ^b	10.5	11
ESD sensitivity (J)	0.02 ^b	0.004	.0002
Vol. of detonation gases (ml/g)	884 ^c	308	368
Detonation temperature (K)	2342 ^c	5600
Detonation pressure (GPa)	20.8 ^c (1.7 g/cm³)	16.1 (3.0 g/cm³)
Detonation velocity (m/s)	7000 ^b (1.7 g/cm³)	4630 (3.0 g/cm³)	5200 (2.9 g/cm³)
RE Factor	1.05 ^b (1.7 g/cm³)	.8 (3.0 g/cm³)

^a Experimental value, ^b literature value, and ^c theoretical value

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References

Hariharanath, B.; Chandrabhanu, K. S.; Rajendran, A. G.; Ravindran, M.; Kartha, C. B. (2006). "Detonator using Nickel Hydrazine Nitrate as Primary Explosive". Defence Science Journal. 56 (3): 383–9. doi:10.14429/dsj.56.1904.
Xiang, Dong; Zhu, Weihua (15 February 2018). "Thermal decomposition of energetic MOFs nickel hydrazine nitrate crystals from an ab initio molecular dynamics simulation". Computational Materials Science. 143: 170–181. doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2017.11.006.
Nickel Hydrazine Nitrate (Dextrinated) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPxdDSUGxo4&t=11s
Chhabra, J.S; Talawar, M.B; Makashir, P.S; Asthana, S.N; Singh, Haridwar (2003). "Synthesis, characterization and thermal studies of (Ni/Co) metal salts of hydrazine: Potential initiatory compounds". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 99 (3): 225–39. doi:10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00247-9. PMID 12758009.
Talawar, M B; Agrawal, A P; Chhabra, J S; Ghatak, C K; Asthana, S N; Rao, K U B (August 2004). "Studies on nickel hydrazinium nitrate (NHN) and bis-(5-nitro-2H tetrazolato-N²)tetraamino cobalt(III) perchlorate (BNCP): Potential lead-free advanced primary explosives" (PDF). Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research. 63 (8): 677–681. hdl:123456789/5478.
Wojewódka, Andrzej; Bełzowski, Janusz (2011). "Hydrazynowe kompleksy metali przejściowych jako perspektywiczne materiały wybuchowe" [Hydrazine complexes of transition metals as perspective explosives]. Chemik. 65 (1): 20–27.

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[Hariharanath_et_al_2006-1] Hariharanath, B.; Chandrabhanu, K. S.; Rajendran, A. G.; Ravindran, M.; Kartha, C. B. (2006). "Detonator using Nickel Hydrazine Nitrate as Primary Explosive". Defence Science Journal. 56 (3): 383–9. doi:10.14429/dsj.56.1904.

[2] Xiang, Dong; Zhu, Weihua (15 February 2018). "Thermal decomposition of energetic MOFs nickel hydrazine nitrate crystals from an ab initio molecular dynamics simulation". Computational Materials Science. 143: 170–181. doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2017.11.006.

[3] Nickel Hydrazine Nitrate (Dextrinated) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPxdDSUGxo4&t=11s

[Chhabra_et_al_2003-4] Chhabra, J.S; Talawar, M.B; Makashir, P.S; Asthana, S.N; Singh, Haridwar (2003). "Synthesis, characterization and thermal studies of (Ni/Co) metal salts of hydrazine: Potential initiatory compounds". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 99 (3): 225–39. doi:10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00247-9. PMID 12758009.

[5] Talawar, M B; Agrawal, A P; Chhabra, J S; Ghatak, C K; Asthana, S N; Rao, K U B (August 2004). "Studies on nickel hydrazinium nitrate (NHN) and bis-(5-nitro-2H tetrazolato-N²)tetraamino cobalt(III) perchlorate (BNCP): Potential lead-free advanced primary explosives" (PDF). Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research. 63 (8): 677–681. hdl:123456789/5478.

[6] Wojewódka, Andrzej; Bełzowski, Janusz (2011). "Hydrazynowe kompleksy metali przejściowych jako perspektywiczne materiały wybuchowe" [Hydrazine complexes of transition metals as perspective explosives]. Chemik. 65 (1): 20–27.