Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc.

Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc., 390 U.S. 400 (1968), is a 1968 United States Supreme Court case in which the court held per curiam that after a successful effort to obtain an injunction under Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, attorney's fees under Section 204(b) are generally recoverable.[1][2]

Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc.
Argued March 7, 1968
Decided March 18, 1968
Full case nameNewman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc.
Citations390 U.S. 400 (more)
88 S. Ct. 964; 19 L. Ed. 2d 1263; 1968 U.S. LEXIS 2168
Case history
Prior256 F. Supp. 941 (D.S.C. 1966); 377 F.2d 433 (4th Cir. 1967)
Holding
One who succeeds in obtaining an injunction under Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 should ordinarily recover an attorney's fee under § 204(b) unless special circumstances would render such an award unjust, and should not be limited, as the Court of Appeals held, to an award of counsel fees only if the defenses advanced were "for purposes of delay, and not in good faith."
Court membership
Chief Justice
Earl Warren
Associate Justices
Hugo Black · William O. Douglas
John M. Harlan II · William J. Brennan Jr.
Potter Stewart · Byron White
Abe Fortas · Thurgood Marshall
Case opinion
Per curiam
Marshall took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.

Background

Piggie Park Enterprises was, in 1964, a drive-in BBQ chain with four restaurants, created and operated by Maurice Bessinger, the Baptist head of the National Association for the Preservation of White People.[3][4] He did not allow African-Americans to eat in his restaurants.[5] After Bessinger's refusal to allow Anne Newman,[6] an African-American minister's wife into his restaurant, a lawyer, Matthew J. Perry, filed a class action lawsuit against the chain.

Procedural history

Perry's lawsuit was first heard in the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina with Charles Earl Simons, Jr. presiding.[7]

The plaintiffs argued that Piggie Park's exclusion of African-Americans constituted a violation of Title II. The defendant, Bessinger, denied the discrimination, denied that the restaurants were public accommodations in the meaning of the Act (as it did not involve interstate commerce), and argued that the Civil Rights Act violated his freedom of religion as "his religious beliefs compel him to oppose any integration of the races whatever."[8] Simons held the Act did not apply to drive-in restaurants but applied to Bessinger's sandwich shop.[7] On appeal, the Fourth Circuit reversed the lower court and remanded the case back to the district court, instructing that court to "award counsel fees only to the extent that the respondents' defenses had been advanced for purposes of delay, and not in good faith."[9] The Supreme Court granted certiorari to the question of whether the exclusion for good-faith defense was correct.[1]

Decision

The Court held 8-0 (Marshall not participating) that full attorney's fees should generally be recoverable, based on the intent and practical effect of the law. The Court wrote:

When a plaintiff brings an action under that Title, he cannot recover damages. If he obtains an injunction, he does so not for himself alone, but also as a "private attorney general," vindicating a policy that Congress considered of the highest priority. If successful plaintiffs were routinely forced to bear their own attorneys' fees, few aggrieved parties would be in a position to advance the public interest by invoking the injunctive powers of the federal courts. Congress therefore enacted the provision for counsel fees -- not simply to penalize litigants who deliberately advance arguments they know to be untenable but, more broadly, to encourage individuals injured by racial discrimination to seek judicial relief under Title II.
It follows that one who succeeds in obtaining an injunction under that Title should ordinarily recover an attorney's fee unless special circumstances would render such an award unjust.[1]

Subsequent developments

This language has been said to form of a "cornerstone" for the text of the 1967 Attorney's Fees Act.[10] Newman is seen as an early step in toward the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Award Act of 1976 and more generally the American rule.[11]

gollark: Also, the latest update to something doesn't show on the user-visible revisions page, which is a minor nitpick but I mildly dislike it.
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gollark: As of now I do this:```sqlCREATE TABLE pages ( title TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE, content TEXT NOT NULL, updated INTEGER NOT NULL, created INTEGER NOT NULL);CREATE TABLE revisions ( page TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES pages(title), timestamp INTEGER NOT NULL, meta BLOB NOT NULL, -- contains revision metadata and type -- ChangeContent { size } is the only one here for now full_data BLOB -- contains optionally compressed text);```but it is not ideal.
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See also

References
  1. Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc., 390 U.S. 400 (1968).
  2. Fontana, Vincent R. (2006). Municipal Liab Law: Law and Practice. Aspen Publishers Online. pp. 12–11. ISBN 9780735565203.
  3. Firestone, David (September 29, 2000). "Sauce Is Boycotted, and Slavery Is the Issue". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  4. Walsh, Robb (2013-04-15). Barbecue Crossroads: Notes and Recipes from a Southern Odyssey. University of Texas Press. pp. 206–. ISBN 9780292752849. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  5. Monk, John (February 24, 2014). "Barbecue eatery owner, segregationist Maurice Bessinger dies at 83". The State. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  6. Felder, James L. (2012). Civil Rights in South Carolina: From Peaceful Protests to Groundbreaking Rulings. The History Press. pp. 19–. ISBN 9781609496869. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  7. "Segregation Held Legal at Drive-In Restaurant" (PDF). The New York Times. July 30, 1966. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  8. Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc., 256 F. Supp. 941 (D.S.C. 1966).
  9. Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc., 377 F.2d 433 (4th Cir. 1967).
  10. Burke, William Lewis; Gergel, Belinda (2004). Matthew J. Perry: The Man, His Times, and His Legacy. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 116–. ISBN 9781570035340. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  11. Derfner, Armand (Fall 2005). "Background and Origin of the Civil Rights Attorney's Fee Awards Act of 1976". The Urban Lawyer. American Bar Association. 37 (4): 653–661. JSTOR 27895588.
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