New York Vauxhall Gardens

The New York Vauxhall Gardens was a pleasure garden and theater in New York City. It was named for the Vauxhall Gardens of London.[1]^:132 Though the venue passed through a long list of owners, and suffered buyouts, closings, relocations, and re-openings, it lasted until the mid-19th century.[2]^:45

The New York Vauxhall Gardens at its second location in 1803

History

Bernard Ratzer's map of New York[3]

In the mid-1760s, country taverns such as Clapp's had become popular in Colonial New York. Samuel Fraunces opened the New York Vauxhall in 1767 to take advantage of this climate, and it received a chief competitor in the New York Ranelagh Gardens,[1]^:132[2]^:44 which appear on Bernard Ratzer's map of New York of 1767[3] occupying a wooded rise of ground just north of the northernmost city houses, on the south side of Duane Street; the site overlooked Lispenard's Meadows and the riverfront road to Greenwich Village. The original Vauxhall Gardens were located in a more confined space on Greenwich Street near the Hudson River between what later became Warren and Chambers streets in the fashionable Sixth Ward; Public School 234 stands at the site today.[2]^:44[4]^:61 Ratzer's map shows its square garden plot, conventionally divided in four by walks. Fraunces operated the venue until 1773, when he offered it for sale. His notice mentioned two large gardens, a house with four rooms per floor and twelve fireplaces, and a dining hall that was 56 feet (17 m) long and 26 feet (7.9 m) wide, with a kitchen below.[2]^:44 The Vauxhall offered light summer concerts[1]^:167 and featured an outdoor wax museum. For the summer 1768 season, it hosted an exhibit on the life of Scipio Africanus that included a grove with a reconstruction of the military leader at his tent.[2]^:44–45 The Vauxhall remained popular throughout the Colonial period of New York and to the end of the 18th century.[1]^:167 By this point, the gardens had two namesake competitors, one of which was primarily popular for its ice cream.[5]^:527

As New York City expanded, streets of rowhouses with rear gardens swallowed the site.[4]^:61 In 1798, owner Joseph Delacroix[2]^:84 moved his operations to Broome Street between Broadway and the Bowery. In 1805, it moved, this time to Lafayette Street, stretching from 4th to 8th streets in what were then the northern reaches of the city,[2]^:139[4]^:61 the area that later became Astor Place, 4th Street, Broadway, and the Bowery.[2]^:45 Professional travel writer John Lambert visited in November 1807 and wrote,

"Ranelah Gardens" on a British map of 1776

New York has its Vauxhall and Ranelagh; but they are poor imitations of those near London. They are, however, pleasant places of recreation for the inhabitants. The Vauxhall garden is situated in the Bowery Road about two miles (3 km) from the City Hall. It is a neat plantation, with gravel walks adorned with shrubs, trees, busts, and statues. In the centre is a large equestrian statue of General Washington. Light musical pieces, interludes, etc. are performed in a small theatre situate in one corner of the gardens: the audience sit in what are called the pit and boxes, in the open air. The orchestra is built among the trees, and a large apparatus is constructed for the display of fireworks. The theatrical corps of New York is chiefly engaged at Vauxhall during summer….[6]^:113

The theater's boxes faced the garden and blocked the stage from the street.[2]^:45

Area

The area belonged to John Jacob Astor. In 1826, he carved out an upper-class neighborhood from the site with Lafayette Street bisecting eastern gardens from western homes. Wealthy New Yorkers, including Astor and other members of the family, built mansions along this central thoroughfare. Astor built the Astor Library in the eastern portion of the neighborhood as a donation to the city. Architect Seth Geer designed eye-catching row houses called LaGrange Terrace for the development, and the area became a fashionable, upper-class residential district.[4]^:61

This location made the gardens accessible to the people of both the Broadway and Bowery districts.[2]^:138 In the summer of 1838, the owners opened a saloon for the staging of vaudeville comic operas. Later theatre managers expanded the offerings to appeal to a wider range of patrons.[4]^:61–62 By 1850, the rowdier crowds of the Bowery had mostly scared off the upper classes, and revenues suffered.[2]^:139[4]^:82 The theater buildings were demolished in 1855,[4]^:62 and the gardens closed for the last time in 1859.[2]^:84

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References

Ogasapian, John (2004). American History through Music: Music of the Colonial and Revolutionary Era. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32435-2.
Caldwell, Mark (2005). New York Night: The Mystique and Its History. New York City: Scribner. ISBN 0-7432-7478-4.
Plan of the City of New York, in America: Surveyed in the Years 1766 & 1767 (London, 1776); illustrated in:
♦ Deák, Gloria Gilda (1988) Picturing America 1497-1899 Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691039992. plate 121;
♦ Augustyn, Robert T. & Cohen, Paul E. (1997). Manhattan in Maps: 1527-1995. New York: Rizzoli International Press. ISBN 0847820521., pp 73-77;
♦ Pritchard, M. B. and Taliaferro, H. G. (2002) Degrees of Latitude: Mapping Colonial America New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0810935392, plates 168-171.
Henderson, Mary C. (2004). The City and the Theatre: The History of New York Playhouses, a 250-year Journey from Bowling Green to Times Square. New York City: Back Stage Books. ISBN 0-8230-0637-9.
Savelle, Max (2005 [1948]). Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4191-0707-0.
Lambert, John (2002 [1808]). "From Travels Through Canada, and the United States of North America in the Years 1806, 1807, 1808", Empire City: New York Through the Centuries. New York City: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10909-1.

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[ogasapian-1] Ogasapian, John (2004). American History through Music: Music of the Colonial and Revolutionary Era. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32435-2.

[caldwell-2] Caldwell, Mark (2005). New York Night: The Mystique and Its History. New York City: Scribner. ISBN 0-7432-7478-4.

[plan-of-nyc-3] Plan of the City of New York, in America: Surveyed in the Years 1766 & 1767 (London, 1776); illustrated in:
♦ Deák, Gloria Gilda (1988) Picturing America 1497-1899 Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691039992. plate 121;
♦ Augustyn, Robert T. & Cohen, Paul E. (1997). Manhattan in Maps: 1527-1995. New York: Rizzoli International Press. ISBN 0847820521., pp 73-77;
♦ Pritchard, M. B. and Taliaferro, H. G. (2002) Degrees of Latitude: Mapping Colonial America New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0810935392, plates 168-171.

[henderson-4] Henderson, Mary C. (2004). The City and the Theatre: The History of New York Playhouses, a 250-year Journey from Bowling Green to Times Square. New York City: Back Stage Books. ISBN 0-8230-0637-9.

[5] Savelle, Max (2005 [1948]). Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4191-0707-0.

[6] Lambert, John (2002 [1808]). "From Travels Through Canada, and the United States of North America in the Years 1806, 1807, 1808", Empire City: New York Through the Centuries. New York City: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10909-1.