Nest ferch Rhys

Nest ferch Rhys (c. 1085 – c. 1136) (popularly called Nesta or "Princess Nesta"[1][2]) was the only legitimate daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr, last king of Deheubarth in Wales, by his wife, Gwladys ferch Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn of Powys. Her family is of the House of Dinefwr. Nest was the wife of Gerald de Windsor (c. 1075 – 1135), constable of Windsor Castle in Berkshire, by whom she was the ancestress of the FitzGerald dynasty and of the prominent Carew family, of Moulsford in Berkshire, Carew Castle in Pembrokeshire (in the Kingdom of Deheubarth) and of Mohuns Ottery in Devon (see Baron Carew, Earl of Totnes and Carew baronets).[3]

Nest's ancestor Hywel Dda, King of Wales, grandson of Rhodri Mawr

Nest had two younger brothers, Gruffydd ap Rhys and Hywel, and, possibly, an older sister named Marared, as well as several older illegitimate half-brothers and half-sisters. After their father's death in battle in 1093, "the kingdom of the Britons fell" and was overrun by Normans. Nest's younger brother Gruffydd was spirited into Ireland for safety; their brother Hywel may have been captured by Arnulf de Montgomery, along with their mother, unless, as appears likelier, their mother was captured with Nest; their fate is unknown. Two older brothers, illegitimate sons of Rhys, one of them named Goronwy, were captured and executed.

First marriage and issue

Nest was brought as a prized hostage to the court of William Rufus, where she came to the attention of his younger brother Henry Beauclerc (the future King Henry I), to whom she bore one of his numerous illegitimate children, Henry FitzHenry (c. 1103–1158).[4]

Some time after the rebellions of Robert of Normandy and Robert of Belesme, head of the powerful Montgomery family of Normandy and England, the king married Nest to Gerald FitzWalter of Windsor, Arnulf de Montgomery's former lieutenant and constable for Pembroke Castle. In 1102, for siding with the Montgomerys against the king, Gerald had been removed from control of Pembroke, and one Saher, a knight loyal to Henry, installed in his place. When Saher proved untenable in his new position, the king restored Gerald to Pembroke in 1105, along with Nest as his wife.[5] By Gerald, Nest is the maternal progenitor of the FitzGerald dynasty, one of the most celebrated families of Ireland and Great Britain. They are referred to as Cambro-Normans or Hiberno-Normans, and have been peers of Ireland since 1316, when Edward II created the earldom of Kildare for John FitzGerald.

Nest bore Gerald at least five children, three sons and two daughters.

  • William FitzGerald, Lord of Carew and Emlyn (died c. 1173), who is said to have married Marie, a daughter of Arnulf de Montgomery.[lower-alpha 1] William's children included Raymond FitzGerald le Gros.
  • Gwladys, mother of Milo de Cogan

Second marriage and issue

After Gerald's death, Nest's sons married her to Stephen, her husband's constable of Cardigan, by whom she had another son, Robert Fitz-Stephen (d. 1182), one of the Norman conquerors of Ireland.

Rape and abduction
Cilgerran Castle, the possible site of Nest's abduction

The details of this most famous episode of Nest's life, thought to have occurred in 1109, are obscure differ from one account to another. The most common alternative narratives are:

  • Nest and Gerald were present at an eisteddfod given, during a truce, by Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys
  • Nest and her husband were "visited" by her second cousin Owain ap Cadwgan, one of Cadwgan's sons, at Carew Castle, Gerald escaping down the latrine shaft.
  • The castle of Cenarth Bychan (possibly modern Cilgerran Castle), home of Nest and her husband, was attacked by Owain ap Cadwgan and his men[6]

The earliest account, that of Caradoc of Llancarfan,[7] relates that "At the instigation of the Devil, he [Owain] was moved by passion and love for the woman, and with a small company with him...he made for the castle by night."

The story that takes place at Carew Castle says Nest urged her husband to escape via a lavatory chute [8], while she stayed to face Owain. Owain took Nest and her children to a hunting lodge by the Eglwyseg Rocks north of the Vale of Llangollen.

The abduction of Nest, whether or not it was with her consent, aroused the wrath of the Normans, as well as of the Welsh. The Norman lords, the Justiciar of Salop, and at least one bishop, bribed Owain's Welsh enemies to attack him and his father, which they promptly did.[9] Owain's father tried to persuade him to return Nest, but to no avail. According to Caradoc, Nest told Owain, "If you would have me stay with you and be faithful to you, then send my children home to their father." She secured the return of the children. Owain and his father were driven to seek exile in Ireland. Nest was returned to her husband.

In recent years, Nest has been given two specious children by her rapist, Llywelyn and Einion. In fact, Owain had a brother, but not a son, named Einion, and Welsh genealogies do not name the mother of Owain's son Llywelyn. The omission of the name of a mother with the highborn status of Nest is startling, if it were true.

In the 19th century, this "abduction", as well as the fighting which followed, earned Nest the nickname "Helen of Wales". She was depicted at having connived with Owain at her rape and abduction, given more children than she had borne, along with more lovers than she had had.

In 1112, her brother Gruffydd returned from Ireland, spending most of his time with Gerald and Nest. When he was denied his inheritance from his father, and accused to the king of conspiring against him, he allied with the prince of Gwynedd, and war broke out. Owain ap Cadwgan had, by now, been pardoned by the king, and was prince of Powys; in 1111, his father had been assassinated by Owain's cousin and former comrade-in-arms, Madog ap Rhiryd, whom Owain captured, castrated, and blinded. Being then on the king's good side, Owain was ordered to rendezvous with a Norman force to proceed against Gruffydd. En route, he and his force chanced to run into none other than Gerald FitzWalter. Despite Owain being a royal ally, Gerald chose to avenge his wife's rape, and killed Owain.

Ancestry

Notes
  1. This is based on traditional genealogical sources, but medieval historian Kathleen Thompson has argued Arnuld de Montgomery was childless
  2. Like with her claimed sister, that Arnulf had such a daughter is contested
gollark: Bad luck?
gollark: It's gone now anyway.
gollark: Hey, a nebula in desert, again!
gollark: We already have those, though.
gollark: `Want: differently coloured accept/decline buttons`

References
  1. http://thepeerage.com/p10468.htm#i104677
  2. "Nesta, the story of a Welsh Princess" ISBN 978-0-9530141-1-8
  3. Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, pp.133-145, pedigree of Carew
  4. Gerald of Wales, The Journey Through Wales and The Description of Wales tr. Lewis Thorpe. Harmondsworth: Penguin (1978)
  5. Gerald of Wales. The Journey Through Wales and The Description of Wales tr. Lewis Thorpe. Harmondsworth: Penguin (1978)
  6. Brut y tywysogion: Or, The chronicle of the princes A.D. 681–1282 (Great Britain. Public Record Office. Kraus Reprints: 1965, ASIN: B0007JD67I
  7. Susan M. Johns (16 May 2016). Gender, Nation and Conquest in the High Middle Ages: Nest of Deheubarth. Manchester University Press. pp. 154–. ISBN 978-1-5261-1111-1.
  8. Richard Jones. Haunted Castles of Britain and Ireland. New Holland Pub Ltd. ISBN 978-1843304364.
  9. Johnson, Ben. "Princess Nest", History UK

Additional Sources
  • Clark, Geo. Thomas. The Earls, Earldom, and Castle of Pembroke (Tenby, R. Mason: 1880)
  • Dictionary of National Biography, p. 228–229
  • Bartrum, Peter. Welsh Genealogies: 300–1400, 941 pages, University of Wales Press (December 1976)
  • Brut y tywysogion: or, The chronicle of the princes A.D. 681–1282 (Great Britain. Public Record Office. Kraus Reprints: 1965, ASIN: B0007JD67I
  • Davies, John. A History of Wales, p. 110, 123, 128; Penguin: 2007, ISBN 978-0-14-028475-1
  • Lloyd, John Edward. A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest, II (2nd ed.) London: Longmans, Green, & Co (1912), pp 417–8, 423, 442, 539, 555, 767 (family tree)
  • Maund, Kari. Princess Nest of Wales: Seductress of the English, Stroud: Tempus 2007, ISBN 978-0-7524-3771-2
  • _____________. The Welsh Kings: Warriors, Warlords, and Princes, Tempus: 2005 (3rd ed.), ISBN 0-7524-2973-6, ISBN 978-0-7524-2973-1

Nest in fiction
  • K.M. Ashman: The Warrior Princess, Thomas & Mercer (2017)
  • Sabrina Qunaj: Die Tochter des letzten Königs. Goldmann Verlag (2014) ISBN 978-3-442-47988-7.
  • Sabrina Qunaj: Das Blut der Rebellin. Goldmann Verlag (2015) ISBN 978-3-442-47989-4.
  • Fairburn, Eleanor, The Golden Hive, A novel founded on historical fact 1093–1120, London: Heinemann (1966)
  • Knight, Bernard, Lion Rampant, London: Robert Hale (1972), ISBN 1-903552-47-8
  • Orford, Margaret, Royal Mistress, Swansea: C. Davies (1976), ISBN 0-7154-0304-4
  • Bell, Anne, Daughter of the Dragon, London: Robert Hale (1978, ISBN 0-70916-679-6
  • McKinlay, Margaret, Pawns of Kings, London: Robert Hale (1981), ISBN 0-7091-9201-0
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