National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska

The National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA) is an area of land on the Alaska North Slope owned by the United States federal government and managed by the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM).[1] It lies to the west of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, which, as a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service managed National Wildlife Refuge, is also federal land.

A map of northern Alaska showing the location of the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPRA).

At a size of 23,599,999 acres (95,506 square kilometres; 36,875 square miles), the NPRA is the largest tract of undisturbed public land in the United States.[2] Inupiat live in several villages around its perimeter, the largest of which is Utqiaġvik, the seat of the North Slope Borough.

Oil and gas reserves

An assessment by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 2010 estimated that the amount of oil yet to be discovered in the NPRA is only one-tenth of what was believed to be there in the previous assessment, completed in 2002.[3] The 2010 USGS estimate says the NPRA contains approximately "896 million barrels of conventional, undiscovered oil".[3] The reason for the decrease is because of new exploratory drilling, which showed that many areas that were believed to hold oil actually hold natural gas.

The estimates of the amount of undiscovered natural gas in the region also fell, from "61 trillion cubic feet of undiscovered, conventional, non-associated gas" in the 2002 estimate, to 53 trillion cubic feet (1,500 km3) in the 2010 estimate.[3]

History
Syncline ridges in southwestern NPRA.
Shows special areas in the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska

The NPRA was created by President Warren G. Harding in 1923 as Naval Petroleum Reserve Number 4 during a time when the United States was converting its Navy to run on oil rather than coal.[1][4] In 1976 the Naval Petroleum Reserves Production Act (NPRPA) renamed the reserve the "National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska" and transferred it from the Navy to the Department of the Interior.[1][5]:36 The 1980 Interior Department Appropriations Act directed the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) within the Department of Interior to conduct oil and gas leasing. Nevertheless, the area was left essentially as a wilderness until the late 1990s.[2]

The NPRPA also contains provisions that apply to any exploration or production activities within areas "designated by the Secretary of the Interior containing any significant subsistence, recreational, fish and wildlife, or historical or scenic value".[6]:5–6 Based on this authority, the Secretary in 1977 designated three Special Areas within the NPRA in which all activities were to "be conducted in a manner which will assure the maximum protection of such surface values to the extent consistent with the requirements of this Act for the exploration of the reserve." The Teshekpuk Lake Special Area was created to protect migratory waterfowl and shorebirds. The Colville River Special Area was created to protect the arctic peregrine falcon, which at that time was an endangered species. The Utukok River Uplands Special Area was created to protect critical habitat for caribou of the Western Arctic Herd. The Secretary of the Interior enlarged the Teshekpuk Lake and Colville River Special Areas in the Northeast NPRA Record of Decision of 1998.[6][7] In 2003, a committee of the National Research Council published a report that urged caution in granted oil and gas leases, in that that oil and gas extraction in the reserve may cause permanent and irreversible environmental damage.[8] In 2004, the Secretary created the Kasegaluk Lagoon Special Area.[6]

Between 1944 and 1981, the US government drilled and then abandoned about 137 wells in the reserve as part of an exploratory oil and gas program in order to obtain estimates and locations of reservoirs. BLM operates the abandoned wells.[9]:3–4[10] In 1998, after BLM had gone through a planning process to create an "Integrated Activity Plan/Environmental Impact Statement" for the Northeast area, the Secretary of Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD), which opened 87 percent of this area to oil and gas leasing[2] and the first leases were signed in 1999.[11] A ROD for the Northwest area was signed in 2004.[2] BLM began the planning process for the South in 2005.[2] The 2003 USGS survey had indicated the best prospects for large reserves were just east of Teshekpuk Lake - a Special Area in the Northeast[4] and in 2006 the Bush administration attempted to lease land in the habitat around Teshekpuk Lake. Six conservation groups sued to prevent the leases and won.[12] The litigation forced BLM to create a new plan for the entire reserve. The final ROD for the entire region, including the South, was signed by the Secretary in February 2013.[2]

As of October 2012, a total of 1,374,583 acres (556,274 ha) have been leased; 872,125 acres (352,936 ha) in the Northeast region, and 502,458 acres (203,338 ha) in the Northwest region.[13]

In March 2012, the Alaska House and Senate passed legislation urging the Bureau of Land Management to plug the abandoned wells from the US government exploratory program; the resolution said just seven wells have been properly plugged and reclaimed and that the wells are an eyesore and are harming the environment.[10]

Ecological importance
A picture of the NPRA area looking very similar to a more southern wetland.

The NPRA is an ecologically important area, and human settlements are small and rare.[4] It contains Teshekpuk Lake, an important nesting ground for many species of migratory bird, including shorebirds and waterfowl. The NPRA also supports more than a half million caribou of the Western Arctic and Teshekpuk Caribou Herds. The Western Arctic Herd calves in the Utukok, Kokolik and Colville uplands, while the Teshekpuk Herd calves in the areas surrounding Teshekpuk Lake. The highest concentration of grizzly bears in Alaska's Arctic, as well as wolverines, and wolves prey on the abundant caribou.[8]

NPRA contains the headwaters and much of the Colville River, Alaska's largest river north of the Arctic Circle. The region's geology is unique in Alaska and most of the area remained glacier free throughout the last ice age.[4]

gollark: Wow
gollark: Pillow would be better.
gollark: A dragon of true dracicitude.
gollark: Fishomancy.
gollark: It was the one being annoying earlier.

See also

References
  1. Staff, Bureau of Land Management. Last updated 04-02-2013. National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska
  2. "National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska (NPRA) Planning Area". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  3. "USGS Oil and Gas Resource Estimates Updated for the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA)". usgs.gov. United States Geological Survey. October 26, 2010.
  4. Peter Canby. The Specter Haunting Alaska New York Review of Books 52:18, November 17, 2005
  5. Records and History of the United States Geological Survey
  6. Staff, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Anchorage, Alaska, in cooperation with North Slope Borough, U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, November 2012. National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska. Final Integrated Activity Plan/Environmental Impact Statement. Volume 1. Abstract, Executive Summary, Chapters 1-3
  7. Staff, Alaska Audubon Society. Background of the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska
  8. Committee on the Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope, National Research Council. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2003.
  9. Arthur C. Banet, Jr. U.S Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management Alaska State Office. March 1991. Oil and Gas Development on Alaska's North Slope: Past Results and Future Prospects. Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine BLM-Alaska Open File Report 31.
  10. BECKY BOHRER (March 26, 2012). "BLM hopes for plan to address wells this spring". Bloomberg Business Week. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  11. Staff, BLM. Last updated 11-13-2012. NPR-A Lease Sale Documentation and Maps - 1999 to Current
  12. Molly Loomis for National Geographic News. July 28, 2010 Critical Alaska Habitat Spared From Oil and Natural Gas Development
  13. Staff, BLM. Last updated October 2012. NPR-A Leases

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