National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design
The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design (Norwegian: Nasjonalmuseet for kunst, arkitektur og design), also known as the National Museum, in Oslo is a Norwegian state-owned museum.[1]
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It was established on 1 July 2003 by the merging of the Architecture Museum, Art Industry Museum, National Exhibitions, the Museum of Decorative Arts and Design, the Museum of Contemporary Art, and the National Gallery of Norway .[2][1]
Its directors have been Sune Nordgren (2003–2006), Anne Kjellberg (acting, 2006–2007), Allis Helleland (2007–2008), Ingar Pettersen (acting, 2008–2009), Audun Eckhoff (2009–2017) and Karin Hindsbo (2017–present). Chairmen of the board have been Christian Bjelland (2002–2008), Svein Aaser (2008–2017) and Linda Bernander Silseth (2017–present).[2]
The National Museum collects, preserves, displays, and conveys the country's most extensive collection of art, architecture and design. The collection has up to 400 000 works.
The museum holds regular exhibitions of works from their own collection and revolving collections of borrowed and owned works. The museum's exhibition areas in Oslo are Nasjonalgalleriet (National Gallery), Museet for Samtidskunst (Museum of Contemporary Art). It also exhibited at Nasjonalmuseet – Arkitektur (National Museum – Architecture) and Kunsindustrimuseet (Art industry Museum) until it closed on 17 October 2016. The exhibition programme includes travelling exhibitions from within and outside the country. In 2015 the museum had 602,546 visitors. The current director, Karin Hindsbro, started in 2017. Free entry is available, daily, in late 2019, and every Thursday after that.
New building
A new building to house the National Museum is being constructed on Vestbanen The building will open in 2020,[3]
The National Gallery is closed temporarily from 13 January 2019 until the new National Museum opens. The gallery will serve as storage for the collections until its move to the new National Museum.
The Museum for Contemporary Art was last open on 3 September 2017. A large portion of the collection will be shown at the new National Museum. The contemporary art will for the first time ever be presented in a collection in partnership with design, crafts, and older art. This will be the biggest and most important exhibited collection in Norway.
Exhibits will be evaluated, photographed, and conserved before they are packed away and relocated to storage, and eventually to the new museum. This is extensive work and a large part of the preparations for the new National Museum
The Art Industry Museum closed on 16 October 2016 due to preparations for the relocation into the new National Museum.
The New National Museum at Vestbanen
In the spring of 2008 the government decided that the new building for the National Museum would be located at Vestbanen in place of the old Oslo West Station train station at Aker Brygge. It is planned to open in 2020.[4] In November 2010 the German architecture company Kleihues + Schuwerk won the international architecture competition with the project Forum Artis.
A cohesive new building was one of the preconceptions for the establishment of the National Museum in 2003. Just ten years after Norway's first public art museum was completed, the museum's administration realized the National Gallery's building was too small, other museum buildings were also in need of bigger more satisfactory premises. The same thing goes for all the exhibitions of the National Museum: Art Industry Museum, the Architecture Museum, and the Museum for Contemporary Art.
Architecture competitions for expansion at Tullinløkka were previously held in 1972 and 1995 but didn't lead to anything.
In spring 2012 the pre-project was completed and delivered to the culture department. The government presented the project on 22 March 2013 with a price of approximately 5.3 billion Norwegian kroner. On 6 June 2013 the Stortinget decreed the new building to be within a cost frame of 5,327 billion kroner.
The new National Museum will have an exhibition area of 13,000 m2 and will be the largest art museum in the Nordic Countries.
The National Museum and Statbygg have together established the information centre Mellomstasjonen. Up until the museum opens you can get to know the building project and the plans for the new museum, as well as participate in breakfast meetings, artist's discussions and many other things.
The building has been widely derided by critics, who have said it resembles a prison and described it as the "national prison."[4]
Collections of the National Museum
The National Gallery
The National Gallery was established in 1842 as the Norwegian States Central Museum for Visual Arts. Since 1882 its location has been on Universitetsgata in Oslo, in a building designed by Heinrich Ernst and Adolf Schirmer. The building's exterior and interior was listed by Riksantikvaren (Cultural Heritage) in January 2012.
Art historian Jens Thiis was director at The National Gallery between 1908 and 1941. Thiis had an international outlook and bought a series of central works for the museum's collection. The museum also received large donations from wealthy heirs Olaf Schou (1909), Christopher Paus (1918), and Chr. Langaard (1922) during this period. Paus, a relative of Henrik Ibsen who lived in Rome, amassed one of the largest collections from classical antiquity in Northern Europe, and turned down an offer from Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek to acquire the collection, instead donating it to the National Gallery where it was meant to become the foundation of a museum or department dedicated to classical antiquity.
The museum has a vast collection of Norwegian Romantic Nationalism movement paintings, as well as Edvard Munch's works. The main part of the collection of older art consists of Norwegian paintings and sculptures from the 1800s.
Edvard Munch's Scream and some of his other renowned works are among the highlights of the National Gallery's collection. Other significant artists include J.C Dahl, Adolph Tidemand, Hans Gude, Harriet Backer, and Christian Krohg. The collection from the 20th century shows the evolution within Norwegian visual arts with references and key works from Nordic and foreign art within paintings, sculpture, photos, video and other mediums.
In 1990 the museum's collection from after 1945 was transferred to the newly established Museum of Contemporary Art.
The launch of a new permanent exhibition "Everyone is Talking About the Museum" in 2005 increased visitor numbers but also had some negative reaction.
The most heavily debated decision was to divide the museum's ‘Munch Room’ and show Munch's works together with other contemporary painters. Another decision was to replace the chronological principle with a thematic one. The permanent exhibition was once again revisited in 2011. ‘The Dance of Life: Collections from the Ancients To 1950’, the Munch Room and the chronological principle has been reinstated. The new permanent exhibition has been praised as ‘a short version of the world’s art history instead of a revisit of the museum’s own collection’.
Graphics and drawing collection
The museum's extensive graphic and drawing collection consists of approximately 50,000 Norwegian and foreign works, and spans from the end of the 1400s to current day. Central artists include Durer, Rembrandt, Van Gogh, Goya, Picasso, Manet, Rafael, Rubens, Muncb, Tidemand, Dahl, Werenskiold, and Kittelsen. Newer Norwegian graphics and drawn art is also well represented.
Museum for Contemporary Art
The Museum for Contemporary Art was established in 1988 and was located at Bankplassen 4 in Oslo. The collection consists of works from the former National Exhibition and National Gallery, including later purchases. The 1907 museum building, designed by Ingvar Hjorth, formerly housed the Norwegian Bank. The museum opened for the public in 1990 and became a part of the National Museum in 2003.
The museum has alternating exhibitions in the 2000 m2 facilities. In and outside the museum installations by the artists Per Inge Bjørlo, Inner Space VS. the Goal (1990) and the gallery room is dedicated to Louise Bourgeois. The collection consists of over 5000 Norwegian and foreign works from the period of 1945 to now. Known Norwegian artists within the collection are Anna-Eva Bergman, Leonard Rickhard, Bjarne Melgaard, and Marianne Heske. Known international artists include Mario Merz, Cindy Sherman, Ilya Kabakov, and Isaac Julien. The collection is continually expanding with yearly purchases of art work.
National Museum – Architecture
The Architecture Museum was established by the Norwegian Architects National Association in 1975 and became a part of the National Museum 1 July 2003. The building on Kongens Gate 4 was in use up until March 2005. The museum renamed the National Museum – Architecture, opened in 2008 at a new location, Bankplassen 3 in Oslo.
The museum is located in three separate buildings that are built together. The main building – the oldest section – was the Norges Banks Christianiaavdeling which was designed by Christian H. Grosch and was finished in 1830. Diagonally behind is Sverre Fehns addition from 2002 – the Ulltveit-Moe Pavilion. There is also a storage building from 1911, designed by Henry Bucher.
National Museum – Architecture shows alternating exhibits from the collection that consists of models, drawing, and photographs. The National Museum has Norway's most important architecture collection, featuring more than 300,000 items dated from the 1830s to current day. The collection highlights and documents different aspects of architectural culture and is mainly made up of private archives or fragments of archives. These span over a large variation of materials and mediums: architectural drawings, photographs, models, conceptual studies, sketchbooks, correspondences and ephemera. The collection's main focus is the 1900s, and names within Norwegian architectural history such as Ove Bang, Blakstad of Munthe, Jan & Jon, Knut Knutsen, Arne Korsmo, Christian Norberg-Schulz, Magnus Poulsson, and Erling Viksjø are well represented. Pritzker Prize winner Sverre Fehns is a highlight of the collection.
Art Industry Museum
The Art Industry Museum is located at St. Olavs gate 1. The building was constructed in 1902 after Kristiania County decided, in 1896, to construct a new building at the then Brandt løkke, on the corner of Ullevålsveien and St. Olavs gate. In 1897 they had an architecture competition, and of the 14 proposals the 26-year old architect Adolf Brendo Greve was declared the winner. Due to his young age he asked the more experienced Ingvar Hjorth for assistance.
The museum itself was created by the initiative of professor Lorentz Dietrichson and antiquarian Nicolay Nicolaysen in 1876, and the museum was founded by the country that same year. That makes the museum amongst the first in Norway and one of the earliest art industry museums in Europe. This initiative was most likely based on the newly founded state of Norway's need to show themselves as an independent and individual nation.
The collection of design and crafts spans from ancient Greek vases and East-Asian art objects to European fashion history. It includes fashion and textiles, furniture, silver, glass, ceramic, design and crafts. The unique Baldishol tapestry from the 1100s, the royal costume collection, Nøstetangen glass, Norwegian silver and Herrebø earthenware are among the highlights of the collection.
National Exhibitions
This was established in 1953 as a government agency under the culture department, to send travelling exhibitions of Norwegian and Nordic art to other parts of the country. The agency sent out 142 exhibitions in the 34 years it existed. The National Exhibition built up their own collections, as well as borrowed works for their exhibits. The main aim and motto is ‘Art to the People’.
When the Museum for Contemporary Art was established in 1988, the National Gallery became a part of the museum, from 1992 with the name ‘Riksutstillinger’(National Exhibitions).
The National Exhibitions was a body for disseminating national art, whose task was to create interest and understanding for visual arts, crafts, photography, design, and architecture. It was a national competence centre for dissemination, exhibition technique and design. National Exhibitions had five departments: administration, programme, dissemination, information, and department for exhibition design.
From 1992 to 2005 it also had the function of organizing exhibitions outside the usual – such as large exhibitions from other continents (Saana Africa (Art from South-Africa), Fråvær (Absence), Vietnam Express, etc.). From 2005 the National Exhibition was disbanded, its dissemination responsibility transferred to Landsdekkende (Nationwide) Program, a part of the National Museum for Art, Architecture, and Design.
Conflicts
The National Museum has from its conception been plagued by conflicts, at administrative, artistic, and political levels. The first director of the museum was Swedish, Sune Nordgrem (from 2003 until August 2006). Norgren stepped down as director after a longer period of professional critique and personal conflicts with the museum. Allis Helleland became the new director in August 2007, under her leadership the conflicts with the museum continued, and she was exposed to criticism from staff and outside environments. She resigned in August 2008. The board constituted Ingar Pettersen as daily manager in autumn 2008, at which point Christian Bjelland (1954), the museum's board director since its conception quit and was replaced by Svein Aaser.
The director from 2009 till 2017 was Audun Eckhoff, who was succeeded by Karin Hindsbo.
National Museum’s Objectives
Purchases and presents
Collection work, purchases and donations to the collection are important aspects of the museum's community responsibilities. The museum builds and completes the collections mainly through current national and international organisations. There is a specific focus to gather important works with for a specific artist, period, group, or area of the collection within the collections policy.
Conservation
One of the museum's most important tasks is making sure the art works within the collection are kept in as good a state as possible. Conservators treat, document, and research the museum's collection of painting, paper, textiles, artwork and design, installations and electronic mediums. An important part of the conservator's work is to investigate and document the condition of works in connection with loans, exhibitions or purchases.
Research and development
Research and development are part of the museum's core tasks. This activity springs out of and is partly integrated in the museum's artistic activities. The research must be of a high level and up to international standards. During 2010 the current research policies were reevaluated and a long-term plan of action was formed.
Published Research
An important way to disseminate research that's done at the National Museum is publication. In addition to the yearbook Architecture in Norway and the journal Art and Culture, the museum annually releases a catalogue connected to the exhibitions and collections. The museum staff also contribute in many different ways to other publications. Further information about each publication can be found via the National Museum's library.
Kunst og kultur (Arts and Culture)
Norway's only scientific journal within art history, Kunst og kultur, is published by the National Museum in collaboration with Universitetsforlaget (The University Press). The purpose of Kunst og kultur is to publish peer-reviewed articles within Norwegian and international art history and current book reviews. Its main subjects are art, crafts, design, and architecture from any period.
National Museum's research library
The museum's research library includes approximately 165,000 books, exhibition catalogues, and encyclopedias within older and newer visual arts, crafts, design, architecture, and adjacent areas. The library has c. 200 journal titles, a video/DVD collection, and a collection of c. 28,000 slides. The library's collection can be accessed at the library's premises at Kristian Augusts gate 23.
Archive
The National Museum's archive consists of extensive documentation and research materials. The collection includes archives from public and private sources, as well as a wide range of documentation on Norwegian artists and the museum's own art collection. The archives are available at the library's study hall.
The archive also includes an extensive collection of newspaper cuttings. This a systematic collection of clippings focusing on the post-war era till today. Parts of the collection stretches back as far as the 1800s.
Digital commitment
The museum performs digitisation work of the collections, through the medium of DigitaltMuseum and Google Art Project, which can be accessed online. In the digital archive you can search through 35,000 works and 5,000 artists, architects, and designers.
Organisation
The National Museum is run by the foundation Nasjonalmuseet for Kunst (National Museum of Art), which was created by the culture and church department of the government on 28 April 2003. The foundation is managed by a board with seven members, whereof three, including the leader, are chosen by the state. The board hires a daily manager for a fixed term and decides their work requirements and paycheck. The daily manager is in charge of the day-to-day work the foundation does in relation to guidelines given by the board.
References
- "About the National Museum". Nasjonalmuseet. 13 January 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- "Nasjonalmuseet for kunst, arkitektur og design". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 26 December 2010.
- Det nye Nasjonalmuseet på Vestbanen vekker oppsikt: – Avvisende, ignorant og introvert
- "The new National Museum". Retrieved 22 February 2017.
External links
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- Official website (in English)
- New National Museum project description