Nabiha Ben Miled

Nabiha Ben Miled (Arabic: نبيــهة بــن ميلاد‎, 4 March 1919-6 May 2009) was a pioneering, Tunisian women's rights activist and independentist, who was a leader in the press for women's rights and Tunisian independence from French colonialism. She served as president of the Union of Tunisian Women from 1952 to 1963 and wrote articles in favor of Tunisia's independence.

Nabiha Ben Miled
نبيــهة بــن ميلا
Born	Nabiha Ben Abdallah (1919-03-04)4 March 1919 Tunis, Tunisia
Died	6 May 2009(2009-05-06) (aged 90) Tunis, Tunisia
Nationality	Tunisian
Other names	Nabihah Bin Milad
Occupation	Independentist, women's rights activist
Years active	1936–2009

Early life

Nabiha Ben Abdallah was born on 4 March 1919 in Tunis, which at the time was located in the French protectorate of Tunisia to Baya Bint Mahjoub and Othman Bin Abdallah. Her parents were part of the Tunisian bourgeoisie, whose ancestors had settled in Tunis in the nineteenth century.[1] She attended Sidi Saber Primary School and had aspirations to become a teacher,[2] or a lawyer, but her father discouraged her from further studies after she graduated from primary school.[3] At the age of fifteen, she married the doctor Ahmed Ben Miled, who had been educated in France and was a leader in the Tunisian Communist Movement.[4][5] Though her mother had insisted that she wear her hijab as a child, her husband was modern and encouraged Miled to live without being veiled.[4]

Activism

With the encouragement of her husband, in 1936, Miled joined the Muslim Women's Union of Tunisia (MWUT), led by Bchira Ben Mrad.[4] Initially formed to support the education of girls, by 1938, they had extended their aims to provide assistance to political prisoners and those involved in the independence movement, seeking an end to the French colonial government.[3] When demonstrators were injured during a protest on 9 April 1938, Dr. Miled turned their home into a hospital and Nabiha assisted him, providing nursing services for those injured by the colonial forces.[4][3] During World War II, she gave birth to the couple's only daughter, Khadija, during a severe famine. She and her husband provided boxed milk[2] to neighbors in their Halfaouine neighborhood and she organized a soup kitchen. Using contacts with local merchants, Miled led the neighborhood women to make two hundred meals each day from products donated by local merchants.[3]

In 1944, Miled left the MWUT, disillusioned by the lack of action of the group and its reliance on the political party Destour. She joined the Tunisian Women's Union (TWU) (Arabic: الاتحـاد النسـائـي التونسـي‎), which was affiliated with the Tunisian Communist Party.[4] Her ideological crisis had come about because the leadership of Destour, rather than demanding Tunisian autonomy, was in favor liberalization through a modification of the current constitution.[2][6] Miled was in favor of the more radical approach, which combined nationalist goals with social improvement programs[2] aimed at providing women's rights and schooling opportunities for disadvantaged children.[3] In 1951, she was appointed to serve on the board of the TWU and the following year became president of the organization, serving in that capacity until it was dissolved in 1963 for its close ties to the communist party.[4][3] From 1952, she also helped her husband, Mohamed El Salami, and Mohamed Saleh Ka'far write and clandestinely deliver the newspaper Commandos, which urged Tunisians to become involved in liberating themselves and fight for their right to nationhood.[2]

Rather than join the National Union of Tunisian Women, which Miled saw as too closely allied with the one-party state, she left the formal women's movements,[7] though she continued to publish articles in a French magazine, The Proletarian Revolution until her death.[2] With her children grown, she began working as a social worker at the Charles Nicolle Hospital in Tunis,[3] but resigned when the staff began to pressure her to inform on colleagues and adhere to religious practices. In 1993 a history of the women involved in the nationalist movement in Tunisia, Mémoire de femmes: Tunisiennes dans la vie publique, 1920–1960 (Memoirs of women: Tunisians in public life, 1920–1960) contained a biographical sketch of Miled.[4]

Death and legacy

Miled died in Tunis on 6 May 2009. In 2013, the Ilhem Marzouki Feminist University (French: Université Féministe Ilhem Marzouki) held a tribute in her memory to honor the contributions of historic women to feminism in Tunisia.[4]

References

Citations

1. Kazdaghli & Ayari 1993, p. 328.
2. Al–Toumi 2009.
3. Temime-Blili 2009.
4. Le Temps 2013.
5. Leaders 2009.
6. Perkins 2016, p. 53.
7. Hanssen & Weiss 2018, p. 223.

Bibliography

• التومي (Al–Toumi), محمد صالح (Mohammed Saleh) (31 May 2009). "في حــوار أجري ســنـة 1995: هــكـذا تكــلمت نبيــهة بــن ميلاد..." [In a dialogue from 1995: I spoke with Nabihah ben Milad ...] (in Arabic). نساء الجيل الجديد. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
• Hanssen, Jens; Weiss, Max (2018). Arabic Thought Against the Authoritarian Age: Towards an Intellectual History of the Present. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-19338-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Kazdaghli, Habib; Ayari, Mehrzia (1993). "Nabiha Ben Miled". Mémoire de femmes: Tunisiennes dans la vie publique, 1920-1960 (in French) (Salammbô/MediaCom ed.). Tunis, Tunisia: Imprimerie Principale. pp. 328–329. ISBN 978-9973-9918-3-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Perkins, Kenneth J. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Tunisia (3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4422-7318-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Temime-Blili, Leïla (13 May 2009). "Nabiha Ben Miled (1919-2009) : une pionnière du féminisme tunisien" [Nabiha Ben Miled (1919–2009): a pioneer of Tunisian feminism]. nissa.aljil-aljadid (in French). Tunis, Tunisia: Tunisiennes d’aujourd’hui. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• "Ahmed Ben Miled, défenseur infatigable des causes justes" [Ahmed Ben Miled, tireless advocate of just causes]. Leaders.com (in French). Tunis, Tunisia: PR Factory. 23 March 2009. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
• "Nabiha Ben Miled: une femme dans l'histoire" [Nabiha Ben Miled: a woman in history]. Le Temps (in French). Tunis, Tunisia. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2018 – via Turess.com.