NRXN1

Neurexin-1-alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRXN1 gene.[5]

NRXN1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesNRXN1, Hs.22998, PTHSL2, SCZD17, neurexin 1
External IDsOMIM: 600565 MGI: 1096391 HomoloGene: 21005 GeneCards: NRXN1
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 2 (human)[1]
Band2p16.3Start49,918,503 bp[1]
End51,225,575 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern




More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

9378

18189

Ensembl

ENSG00000179915

ENSMUSG00000024109

UniProt

P58400
Q9ULB1
Q49A31

P0DI97
Q9CS84

RefSeq (mRNA)
RefSeq (protein)
Location (UCSC)Chr 2: 49.92 – 51.23 MbChr 17: 90.03 – 91.09 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Neurexins are a family of proteins that function in the vertebrate nervous system as cell adhesion molecules and receptors. They are encoded by several unlinked genes of which two, NRXN1 and NRXN3, are among the largest known human genes. Three of the genes (NRXN1-3) utilize two alternate promoters and include numerous alternatively spliced exons to generate thousands of distinct mRNA transcripts and protein isoforms. The majority of transcripts are produced from the upstream promoter and encode alpha-neurexin isoforms; a much smaller number of transcripts are produced from the downstream promoter and encode beta-neurexin isoforms. The alpha-neurexins contain epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) sequences and laminin G domains, and have been shown to interact with neurexophilins. The beta-neurexins lack EGF-like sequences and contain fewer laminin G domains than alpha-neurexins.[5]

Function

Neurexins are presynaptic membrane cell-adhesion molecules that bind primarily to neuroligins, proteins that have been associated with autism. Autism is characterized by a wide range of social and cognitive deficits, which are partially attributed to faulty synaptic communication between neurons.[6] This lack of communication is oftentimes tied to mutations in NRXN1. Structural variants of NRXN1a (neurexin1 alpha) are consistent with mutations predisposing autism.[7] These alpha neurexins are involved in communication through coupling mechanisms of calcium channels and vesicle exocytosis, to ensure that neurotransmitters are properly released. They are specifically required for glutamate and GABA release.[8] Implications of neurexin involvement in autism have been determined through deletion in coding exons of NRXN1a, particularly in knockout mice models. These mice showed impaired social functioning, decreased motor response in new situations, and increased aggressive behavior in males.[6] Social functioning was of major relevance for this gene and its association with autism spectrum disorder.

Genomics

The gene is found in a single copy on the short arm of chromosome 2 (2p16.3). The gene is 1,112,187 bases in length, is located on the Crick (minus) strand and encodes a protein of 1,477 amino acids (molecular weight 161.883 kDa).

Mutations of this gene that interrupt its expression have been associated with schizophrenia, autism, and intellectual disability (NRXN1 mutations and brain disorders).

Interactions

NRXN1 has been shown to interact with NLGN1.[9][10]

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gollark: Every rendered tile.
gollark: I suppose baidicoot thought "hmm, how might I find whether a player is on a tile I'm rendering". Now, you might think "hmm yes, the solution to this is just to maintain a map of coordinates to entities, or something like that". But no! The game ITERATES OVER ALL PLAYERS FOR EVERY SINGLE TILE.
gollark: Wow this is some very not good code.
gollark: Oh, no, 50 still used 70% CPU.

References
  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000179915 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024109 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. "Entrez Gene: NRXN1 neurexin 1".
  6. Grayton H.; Missler M.; Collier D.; Fernandes C. (2013). "Altered Social Behaviours in Neurexin 1α Knockout Mice Resemble Core Symptoms in Neurodevelopmental Disorders". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e67114. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067114. PMC 3696036. PMID 23840597.
  7. Yan J.; Noltner K.; Feng J.; Li W.; Schroer R.; Skinner C.; Zeng W.; Schwartz C.E.; Sommer S.S. (2008). "Neurexin 1alpha structural variants associated with autism". Neurosci Lett. 438 (3): 368–70. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.074. PMID 18490107.
  8. Missler M.; Zhang W.; Rohlmann A.; Kattenstroth G.; Hammer R.E.; Gottmann K.; Sudhof T.C. (2003). "Alpha-neurexins couple Ca2+ channels to synaptic vesicle exocytosis". Nature. 423 (6943): 939–948. doi:10.1038/nature01755. PMID 12827191.
  9. Comoletti, Davide; Flynn Robyn; Jennings Lori L; Chubykin Alexander; Matsumura Takehito; Hasegawa Hana; Südhof Thomas C; Taylor Palmer (Dec 2003). "Characterization of the interaction of a recombinant soluble neuroligin-1 with neurexin-1beta". J. Biol. Chem. United States. 278 (50): 50497–50505. doi:10.1074/jbc.M306803200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 14522992.
  10. Ichtchenko, K; Nguyen T; Südhof T C (Feb 1996). "Structures, alternative splicing, and neurexin binding of multiple neuroligins". J. Biol. Chem. UNITED STATES. 271 (5): 2676–2682. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.5.2676. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8576240.

Further reading
  • Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P58400 (Neurexin-1-beta) at the PDBe-KB.
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