NATO EPVAT testing

NATO EPVAT testing is one of the three recognized classes of procedures used in the world to control the safety and quality of firearms ammunition.

Left to right: 7.62mm NATO, 5.56mm NATO and 9mm NATO ammunition.

Beside this, there are also the Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives (C.I.P.) class of procedures and the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) class of procedures.

EPVAT Testing is described in unclassified documents by NATO, more precisely by the AC/225 Army Armaments Group (NAAG).[1]

EPVAT is an abbreviation for "Electronic Pressure Velocity and Action Time". Action Time here means the (short amount of) time required between the ignition of the primer and the projectile leaving the barrel. This is a comprehensive procedure for testing ammunition using state-of-the-art instruments and computers. The procedure itself is described in NATO document AC/225 (Com. III/SC.1)D/200.

Unlike the C.I.P. procedures aiming only at the user's safety, the NATO procedures for ammunition testing also includes comprehensive functional quality testing in relation with the intended use. That is, not only the soldier's safety is looked at, but also his capacity to incapacitate the enemy. As a result, for every ammunition order by NATO, a complete acceptance approval on both safety and functionality is performed by both NATO and the relevant ammunition manufacturers in a contradictory fashion.

For this, a highly accurate and indisputable protocol has been defined by NATO experts using a system of reference cartridges.[1][2][3]

The civilian organisations C.I.P. and SAAMI use less comprehensive test procedures than NATO, but NATO test centres have the advantage that only a few chamberings are in military use. The C.I.P. and SAAMI proof houses must be capable of testing hundreds of different chamberings requiring many different test barrels, etc..

NATO Reference cartridges system

In this system, the ammunition manufacturers, in close cooperation with NATO, have set aside a batch (also termed "lot") of ammunition they consider to be of very good quality and representative of ammunition that should be delivered to the armies in the following years. This batch is maintained at approved NATO test centres and distributed to the manufacturers involved. When a new batch (lot) is delivered, a set of 20 reference cartridges are fired to see how they behave with the local equipment and with the current atmospheric conditions. Results are then compared to the reference values, as maintained by NATO and correctors (delta values) are computed. Then, the current batch (lot) of ammunition is fired and the correctors are applied on the measured value giving a result "comparable" to the reference itself.

This test is performed under normal conditions at 21 °C (70 °F), but also by simulating cold polar −54 °C (−65 °F) or hot desert 52 °C (126 °F) conditions using special cooling equipment and ovens to cool or heat the ammunition under test to the appropriate levels of humidity and temperatures required.[3][4]

Proofing
See also: Small arms ammunition pressure testing and Proof test

The minimum proof and performance requirements for small arms ammunition of NATO calibres are covered in STANAGs as follows:

  • 5.56 mm. STANAG 4172 and NATO Manual of Proof and Inspection AC/225 (LG/3-SG/1) D/8.[5]
  • 7.62 mm. STANAG 2310 and NATO Manual of Proof and Inspection AC/225 (LG/3-SG/1) D/9.
  • 9 mm. STANAG 4090 and NATO Manual of Proof and Inspection AC/225 (P111-SP1) D/170(REV).
  • 12.7 mm. STANAG 4383 and NATO Manual of Proof and Inspection AC/225 (LG/3-SG/1) D/11.

Each weapon and component considered vulnerable to the effects of a rapid change in pressure, for example barrels, breech blocks and bolts, will be tested by firing one dry round at a corrected minimum of 25% over pressure and one oiled round at a corrected minimum of 25% over pressure. 25% over pressure means 25% in excess of the Service Pressure (Pmax). The Service Pressure is defined as the mean pressure generated by the Service Cartridge at a temperature of 21 °C (70 °F). Such a high pressure proof is conducted with both the weapon and ammunition conditioned to an ambient temperature of 21 °C (70 °F).

Each weapon will be individually tested, from an ammunition lot that produces a minimum corrected mean chamber pressure in accordance with the table below:[1]

Corrected Proof Pressure Requirement (Service Pressure (Pmax) + 25%)
Calibre Specific Weapon Detail Service Pressure Pmax
MPa / (psi)		 Proof Round Pressure Requirement
MPa / (psi)		 Detailed Requirement for Proof Ammunition
5.56 mm (5.56×45mm NATO)Designed to chamber NATO ammunition430.0 / (62,366)537.5 / (77,958)Pressure recorded in NATO design EPVAT Barrel with Kistler 6215 Transducer[6][7], HPI GP6 Transducer[8] or by equipment to Commission Internationale Permanente pour l’épreuve des Armes á Feu Portatives (C.I.P.) requirements
7.62 mm (7.62×51mm NATO)Designed to chamber NATO ammunition415.0 / (60,190)519.0 / (75,275)Pressure recorded in NATO design EPVAT Barrel with Kistler 6215 Transducer, HPI GP6 Transducer or by equipment to C.I.P. requirements
9 mm (9×19mm NATO)Designed to chamber NATO ammunition252.0 / (36,550)315.0 / (45,687)Pressure recorded in C.I.P. design barrel at mid-case position
12.7 mm (12.7×99mm NATO)Designed to chamber NATO ammunition417.0 / (60,481)521.3 / (75,608)Pressure recorded in NATO design EPVAT Barrel with Kistler 6215 Transducer, HPI GP6 Transducer or by equipment to C.I.P. requirements
All other small arms ammunition for use in "non-NATO Chamber" weaponsAs defined by the current C.I.P. legislation.As defined by the current C.I.P. legislation

The above proof round pressure requirements for the 9 mm and 12.7 mm rounds established by the British Ministry of Defence are higher than the current (2008) C.I.P. proof round pressure requirement legislation for the civilian equivalent 9mm Parabellum (C.I.P. Pmax rating 235 MPA / (34,083 psi) and .50 Browning (C.I.P. Pmax rating 370 MPA / (53,663 psi) rounds.[9][10] The 9×19mm NATO and 12.7×99mm NATO rounds can be regarded as overpressure ammunition

Unlike the civilian C.I.P. test procedures NATO EPVAT testing procedures for the "NATO chamberings" require the pressure sensor or transducer to be mounted ahead of the case mouth. The advantage of this mounting position is that there is no need to drill the cartridge case to mount the transducer. Drilling prior to firing is always a time consuming process (fast quality control and feedback to production is essential during the ammunition manufacturing process). The disadvantage of this mount is that the pressure rises much faster than in a drilled cartridge case. This causes high frequency oscillations of the pressure sensor (approx 200 kHz for a Kistler 6215 transducer) and this requires electronic filtering with the drawback that filtering also affects the lower harmonics where a peak is found causing a slight error in the measurement. This slight error is not always well mastered and this causes a lot of discussion about the filter order, cutoff frequency and its type (Bessel or Butterworth).[11]

Due to NATO EPVAT using technically differing proof test standards than SAAMI and C.I.P., EVPAT pressures cannot be directly compared with SAAMI and C.I.P. pressures.[12][13]

gollark: ++lockdown
gollark: `PLEASE DO NOT DESTROY HUMANITY`
gollark: Esolangs where every data value is a sentient being?
gollark: Besides, who keeps the people alive and builds neuron frying machines?
gollark: You wouldn't get an increase in population that way.

See also

References
Notes
  1. Proof of Ordnance, Munitions, Armour and Explosives, Ministry of Defence Defence Standard 05-101 Part 1 Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
  2. Proof of Ordnance, Munitions, Armour and Explosives, Ministry of Defence Defence Standard 05-101 Part 2 Archived 2010-04-08 at the UK Government Web Archive
  3. Proof of Ordnance, Munitions, Armour and Explosives, Ministry of Defence Defence Standard 05-101 Part 3 Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
  4. "NATO Small Arms Ammunition Interchangeability via Direct Evidence Testing" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  5. STANAG 4172 (Edition 2) 5.56 mm Ammunition (Linked or Otherwise) 5 May 1993
  6. Defining Parameters for Ballistic High Pressure Sensors
  7. Type 6215 Quartz High-Pressure Sensor for Ballistic Pressure Measurement to 6 000 bar
  8. HPI Piezoelectric High Pressure Transducers – GP Series including NATO Approval
  9. C.I.P. TDCC sheet 9mm Luger
  10. C.I.P. TDCC sheet 50 Browning
  11. Technical Report ARCCD-TR-95005 5.56 MM M856 TRACER MINI ROUND ROUND ROBIN STUDY, ARDEC/CCAC, October 1995 by Lascelles A. Geddes
  12. MEKEK 5.56 mm×45 (SS109/M855) BALL CARTRIDGE EPVAT specifications
  13. MEKEK 5.56 mm×45 (L11/M856) TRACER CARTRIDGE EPVAT specifications
Bibliography
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