Multiplicatively closed set

In abstract algebra, a multiplicatively closed set (or multiplicative set) is a subset S of a ring R such that the following two conditions hold:[1][2]

  • ,
  • for all .

In other words, S is closed under taking finite products, including the empty product 1.[3] Equivalently, a multiplicative set is a submonoid of the multiplicative monoid of a ring.

Multiplicative sets are important especially in commutative algebra, where they are used to build localizations of commutative rings.

A subset S of a ring R is called saturated if it is closed under taking divisors: i.e., whenever a product xy is in S, the elements x and y are in S too.

Examples

Common examples of multiplicative sets include:

  • the set-theoretic complement of a prime ideal in a commutative ring;
  • the set {1, x, x2, x3, ...}, where x is an element of a ring;
  • the set of units of a ring;
  • the set of non-zero-divisors in a ring;
  • 1 + I for an ideal I.

Properties

  • An ideal P of a commutative ring R is prime if and only if its complement RP is multiplicatively closed.
  • A subset S is both saturated and multiplicatively closed if and only if S is the complement of a union of prime ideals.[4] In particular, the complement of a prime ideal is both saturated and multiplicatively closed.
  • The intersection of a family of multiplicative sets is a multiplicative set.
  • The intersection of a family of saturated sets is saturated.
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See also

  • Localization of a ring
  • Right denominator set

Notes

  1. Atiyah and Macdonald, p. 36.
  2. Lang, p. 107.
  3. Eisenbud, p. 59.
  4. Kaplansky, p. 2, Theorem 2.

References

  • M. F. Atiyah and I. G. Macdonald, Introduction to commutative algebra, Addison-Wesley, 1969.
  • David Eisenbud, Commutative algebra with a view toward algebraic geometry, Springer, 1995.
  • Kaplansky, Irving (1974), Commutative rings (Revised ed.), University of Chicago Press, MR 0345945
  • Serge Lang, Algebra 3rd ed., Springer, 2002.
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