Multi-level converter

A multi-level converter (MLC) is a method of generating high-voltage wave-forms from lower-voltage components. MLC origins go back over a hundred years, when in the 1880s, the advantages of DC long-distance transmission became evident.[1]

Modular multi-level converters (MMC) were investigated by Tricoli et al in 2017. Although their viability for electric vehicles (EV) was established, suitable low-cost semiconductors to make this topology competitive are not currently available (as of 2019).[2]

In 1999, Tolbert described the use of MLC for battery operated electric motors.[3]

Habib's 2018 review paper[4] reviews multi-level inverters (a synonym for MLC) stating the advantages of bi-directional energy flows to power the motor or charge the battery system.

High voltage DC converters

HVDC converters typically use series connected switched capacitors blocks. The blocks are switched in or out of the circuit to form the desired waveform, typically three phase AC.

M2LeC

M2LeC (pronounced Emlek), is a form of multi-level converter that combines the functions of generating electric motor wave-forms, with battery charging and management in a single set of power electronics hardware, where the various functions are performed through software alone.

gollark: Hmm... I guess I can either avoid textutils.serialise or copy that table...
gollark: So the problem is in textutils.serialise being stupid and *not* my stuff?
gollark: Weird weirdness: this code snippet (https://pastebin.com/YWug4NUg).Two tables alone can be serialized fine. Stick them in one table and it errors ("can't serialize table with recursive entries").
gollark: <@184468521042968577> a CC one.
gollark: Terrible idea: a screen-sharing thing which sends a snapshot of the entire state of your computer to another one, executes it there, and sends back the changes.

References
  1. Arrillaga, Jos (1998). High Voltage Direct Current Transmission (Second ed.). Chapter 1: Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 1 to 9. ISBN 0852969414.CS1 maint: location (link)
  2. Tricoli, Pietro (Mar 2017). "Efficiency assessment of modular multilevel converters for battery electric vehicles" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 32 (3): 2041–2051. Bibcode:2017ITPE...32.2041Q. doi:10.1109/TPEL.2016.2557579.
  3. Tolbert, Leon M. (Jan–Feb 1999). "Multilevel Converters for Large Electric Drives". IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 35 (1): 36–44. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.468.9074. doi:10.1109/28.740843.CS1 maint: date format (link)
  4. Habib, Salman (Jan 2018). "Assessment of electric vehicles concerning impacts, charging infrastructure with unidirectional and bidirectional chargers, and power flow comparisons". Int J Energy Res. 42 (11): 3416–3441. doi:10.1002/er.4033.
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