Mudra Afrique

The Mudra Afrique (or, Centre Africain de Perfectionnement et de Recherche des Interprètes du Spectacle Mudra Afrique) was a contemporary dance school founded in Dakar, Senegal in 1977 by Léopold Sédar Senghor and Maurice Béjart, based on a Pan-African philosophy of uniting Africans through the commonalities in the different ways of artistic self-expression throughout the continent, thus creating a universal artistic culture that challenges the dominance of European dance and artistry. The school closed in 1983 but a significant number of its students went on to successful international careers.,[1] such as the Burkinabe choreographer, dancer, actor and artist Irene Tassembedo.[2] Mudra Afrique played a crucial role in preparing the basis for contemporary African dance by training the first generation of “modern” African dancers according to international artistic standards.

History of the School

The name of the school comes from the Sanskrit term “mudra” meaning “gesture” or “sign.[3] The school, once located where the Court of Cassation in Dakar is currently housed,[4] was founded in 1977 by Leopolod Sédar Senghor and Maurice Béjart[5] and funded by Senegal and Belgium, with support from UNESCO.[6] Germaine Acogny, a Senegalese dancer and choreographer originally from Benin, who is probably the best-known and most influential forerunner of contemporary dance in the West-African region,[6] was appointed director of the school from its opening. Mudra Afrique, with an international student body, emphasized the Senghorian concepts of both enracinement and ouverture, rootedness and openness. The school was based on the premise that dance could be used to connect distinctly different African cultures.[7] Students received training in African, contemporary, and classical dance, as well as in African drumming. They performed in Dakar but also in villages outside the capital.[8] Acogny describes Mudra Afrique as “the sacred grove of modern time”, a place where Senghor’s Pan-African ambitions could live on in this space, which provided a platform for dancers from all over the continent and further afield to come to work, meet other artists, and be inspired.[9]

Influence on Other Dance Schools

Many non-Senegalese African dancers, who went on to found their own schools, attended Mudra Afrique, and so its multidisciplinary training greatly influenced dance across West Africa.[10]

This includes Germaine Acogny, the former director of Mudra Afrique, who established her own African contemporary dance school, École des Sables, in Senegal in 2004, based on the same Pan-African principles which inspired Mudra Afrique. The school is now a platform for choreographers from all over the world and for African dancers aspiring to an international career.[6] She explains her conception of contemporary African dance saying “the artistic movement into which I insert my own work, even though it is deeply rooted in popular traditions, is not at all a return to roots. On the contrary, we pursue a way that is altogether different and resolutely urban, reflecting the modern context within which so many of us, Africans of our time, must live and move and have our being. The Africa of sky-scrapers, the Africa of international alliances”.[11] By contrast with Mudra Afrique, however, funding for this school did not come from African states but from French and European agencies, private charities in Europe and North America, and from fee-paying students from outside Africa.[1]

Other examples include Irène Tassembedo from Burkina Faso, who founded her own dance school, École Danse Irène Tassembedo (EDIT), in 2009 in Ouagadougou and developed an international career popularizing African contemporary dance.[6] Laurent Longafo from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) also introduced Germaine Acogny’s dance techniques to a wider university student population.[10] Maurice Béjart established another dance school called École Mudra in Belgium in 1970, which closed in 1988.[5] So the influence of Mudra Afrique extends beyond Senegal.

Critiques of the School

The school served as a showcase for Senegal’s advanced artistic initiatives, which were elaborated and complicated by the dancers it trained. Since the foundation of Mudra Afrique in 1977, however, France and other European countries have been financing the choreographic arts in Africa via training, workshops, and space, using cultural agencies attached to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This necessitates that performers respond to the artistic demands of these institutions, which raises concerns over creative agency and drives choreographic standardization towards European and away from African.[12] Thus, efforts for self-determination by African performing artists deliberately opposing ongoing French cultural hegemony are coupled with a search for alternative frameworks of artistic development, following a strategy of diversification in a dual sense: broadening the range of potential donors and gaining access to new politico-economic resources by promoting “cultural diversity”. An example of this are both EDIT (École Danse Irène Tassembedo) and École des Sable, which show the trend of combining profit-making with a “cultural exchange” and a political and social development agenda.

The new “choreographic movement” born out of transnational African collaboration has become more and more male-dominated with regards to international visibility, which is contrasted against the important role played by women such as Germaine Acogny and Irène Tassembedo, who are considered to be among the avant garde of contemporary dance in Africa. Given the family backgrounds of these dancing pioneers, who were part of the social, political and economic elite during the first decades of national independence and enjoyed state patronage, the current underrepresentation of female choreographers might be explained by the professionalization and opening of the dancing field towards less-privileged social spheres and groups, with the unfortunate effect of decreasing the representation of women.[6]

Legacy

A set of three stamps was issued in 1980 to mark the Mudra Afrique Arts Festival in which musicians, drummers and dancers performed.[13]

References

1. Kringelbach, Hélène Neveu (2014-02-01). "CHOREOGRAPHIC PERFORMANCE, GENERATIONS AND THE ART OF LIFE IN POST-COLONIAL DAKAR". Africa. 84 (1): 36–54. doi:10.1017/S000197201300065X. ISSN 0001-9720.
2. Bourdié, Annie (2013). "Art chorégraphique contemporain d'Afrique, enjeux d'une reconnaissance". Marges - Revues. 16: 73–86.
3. Mudra (in French), 1980-01-01, retrieved 2016-11-19
4. "Le domaine public maritime de Dakar: élites, pouvoir et impunité, Une enquête de terrain d'Aide Transparence, UNE ONG regionale d'analyse de poliques économiques et sociales, au service des peuples africains," (PDF). Jacques Habib Sy, Mamadou Aliou Diallo, Papa Samba Kane. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-30.
5. "Maurice Béjart: Influential choreographer who attracted huge". The Independent. 2007-11-24. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
6. Sieveking, Nadine (2014-02-01). "'CREATE YOUR SPACE!' LOCATING CONTEMPORARY DANCE IN OUAGADOUGOU". Africa. 84 (1): 55–77. doi:10.1017/S0001972013000661. ISSN 0001-9720.
7. Welsh-Asante, Kariamu (1996-01-01). African Dance: An Artistic, Historical, and Philosophical Inquiry. Africa World Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780865431973.
8. Onwudiwe, Ebere; Ibelema, Minabere (2003-01-01). Afro-optimism: Perspectives on Africa's Advances. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 56–57. ISBN 9780275975869.
9. Kringelbach, Hélène Neveu (2013-11-30). Dance Circles: Movement, Morality and Self-fashioning in Urban Senegal. Berghahn Books. p. 55. ISBN 9781782381488.
10. Dubois, Olivier (2016). "Le rayonnement de Mudra-Afrique, Entretien avec Germaine Acogny, "la fille noire de Béjart"" (PDF). Nouvelles de Danse, CONTREDANSE: 6.
11. Acogny, Germaine (1980). Danse africaine - Afrikanischer Tanz - African dance. Frankfurt: Fricke. p. 74.
12. Bushidi, Cécile Feza (2015-05-01). "HÉLÈNE NEVEU KRINGELBACH , Dance Circles: movement, morality and self-fashioning in urban Senegal. New York NY and Oxford: Berghahn Books (hb $95/£60 – 978 1 78238 147 1). 2013, 252 pp". Africa. 85 (2): 369–371. doi:10.1017/S0001972015000091. ISSN 0001-9720.
13. Covington, Kate; Brunn, Stanley D. (2006-01-01). "Celebrating a Nation's heritage on music stamps: Constructing an international community". GeoJournal. 65 (1/2): 125–135. JSTOR 41148028.