Mount Jackson (Antarctica)

Mount Jackson (Mount Andrew Jackson and Mount Ernest Gruening) is a mountain that dominates the upland of the southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is located in Palmer Land, within the Antarctic claims of Argentina, Chile and the United Kingdom. With an elevation of 3,184 metres (10,446 ft), Mount Jackson was once thought to be the highest mountain in the Antarctic Peninsula and the British Antarctic Territory, before the true height of Mount Hope (Eternity Range) was measured.[3] Discovered by members of the United States Antarctic Service, 1939–41, it was named for Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States. The first ascent of Mount Jackson was made by a team led by John Crabbe Cunningham of the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) in 1964. Mount Jackson's geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists.

Mount Jackson
South-east of Mount Jackson ridge
Highest point
Elevation3,184 m (10,446 ft) [1][2][3]
Prominence2,187 m (7,175 ft) [2]
Listing
Coordinates71°23′S 63°22′W [2][4]
Geography
Mount Jackson
Climbing
First ascent23 November 1964 by J C Cunningham (1927–80) of BAS team.[5]

Mount Jackson and the Welch Mountains demarcate the central Black Coast, which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by Dyer Plateau of central Palmer Land. The two mountains rise above the ice shelf with reliefs of about 1,200–1,500 metres (3,900–4,900 ft) towards the east. They are interconnected by icefall zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes. Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks, displaying a steeple summit, whilst the north flank is occupied by a vast cirque. Supraglacial moraines on the mountain's east side measure between 1–5 kilometres (0.62–3.11 mi) in length and display boulders at their distal ends.

History
Satellite image of Antarctic Peninsula

The first topographic mapping of Mount Jackson was carried out in November 1940 by a sledge party of the United States Antarctic Service (USAS). The ground survey was facilitated by aerial photographs and aerial observations. The height was estimated at 4,200 metres (13,800 ft), and the mountain was named Mount Ernest Gruening after the Governor of the Alaska Territory at that time, Ernest Gruening.[6] USAS later renamed it Mount Jackson for the seventh President of the United States.[6] President Jackson signed the bill into law authorizing the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–42. The expedition, led by Lt. Charles Wilkes, included exploration and surveying of the Pacific Ocean and surrounding lands, including Antarctica.[4]

In November 1947, a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) ground party based at Stonington Island observed Mount Jackson and estimated its height at 3,050 metres (10,010 ft), considerably lower and more accurate than the first estimate in 1940.[6]

After the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey was renamed British Antarctic Survey in 1962, a series of depots were developed, including one at Mount Jackson.[7] BAS members were successful in making many first ascents of the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula, and John Cunningham, who served at the BAS base at Adelaide Island, was the first to climb Mount Jackson. Traveling by dog sled for 640 kilometres (400 mi),[8] his team reached the summit on 23 November 1964.[6][5][9]

A precise height of the summit was determined by a BAS survey party who ascended the peak during the austral summer of 1996–97.[1]

Geography
Exposed rock formation on the southern slope of Mount Jackson, showing a mixed mafic/felsic breccia face

The mountain is 3,184 metres (10,446 ft) in height,[1] with a prominence of 2,187 metres (7,175 ft) and a saddle DEM of 997 metres (3,271 ft).[2] Mount Jackson and the Welch Mountains demarcate the central Black Coast, which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by Dyer Plateau of central Palmer Land, with elevation ranging between 2,000–3,000 metres (6,600–9,800 ft),[10] and on the west side of the central Black Coast.[11] The two mountains rise above the ice shelf with reliefs of about 1,200–1,500 metres (3,900–4,900 ft) towards the east. They are interconnected by icefall zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes.[12] The northern part of the mountain system, which extends over 1,590 kilometres (990 mi), covers most of the Antarctic Peninsula, and Mount Jackson is its highest peak.[1][13][14]

Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks, displaying a steeple summit,[15] whilst the north flank is occupied by a vast cirque. Supraglacial moraines on the mountain's east side measure between 1–5 kilometres (0.62–3.11 mi) in length and display boulders at their distal ends. Mount Jackson and the Rowley Massif are separated by Odom Inlet.[16] Cline Glacier drains eastern Mount Jackson before arriving at Odom Inlet.[17]

Mount Jackson's geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists. They identified various rock types and underlying volcanic activity.[18] The relief of the west facing slopes is gentler when compared to the eastern side, characterized by a steep rocky face. Rock weathering is intense in the area spread with scree and felsenmeer. Fresh rock formations and bedrock disintegration are noted.[12]

gollark: Which apparently gets much worse than a factor-of-two slowdown in practice.
gollark: Specifically, they share one radio between communicating with clients (fronthaul) and communicating with the router thing (backhaul).
gollark: Most of the available repeater things are rather bad because of contention issues.
gollark: So what is this "repeater" doing?
gollark: So now there's a cable involved?

See also

References
  • Sailing Directions (planning Guide & Enroute) for Antarctica. The Agency. 2002. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  • Commonwealth Secretariat (1 April 2004). Commonwealth Yearbook 2004. Stylus Pub Llc. ISBN 978-0-11-703227-9. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  • Encyclopaedia of mountaineering. Robert Hale. 1975. ISBN 978-0-7091-4804-3. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  • Headland, Robert K. (2009). A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration. Bernard Quaritch Limited. ISBN 978-0-9550852-8-4.
  • Herzfeld, Ute C. (2004). Atlas of Antarctica: Topographic Maps from Geostatistical Analysis of Satellite Radar Altimeter Data : with 169 Figures. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-43457-3. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  • Riffenburgh, Beau (2007). Encyclopedia of the Antarctic: A-K, Index. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-415-97024-2. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  • Rubin, Jeff (1 November 2008). Antarctica 4. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-549-9. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
Footnotes
  1. Headland, p. 577
  2. "Antarctica Ultra-Prominences" Peaklist.org. Footnote (14) from site: Elevation from American Alpine Journal (1999). GNIS offers elevation of 3050m. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  3. New satellite imagery reveals new highest Antarctic Peninsula Mountain British Antarctic Survey, 11 December 2017
  4. "Mount Jackson". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  5. "Mountaineers and Skiers in British Antarctic Territory Place-names" (pdf). Alpine Journal Org. Retrieved 27 December 2012. Of the many young mountaineers that have served at the BAS stations over the years, space allows mention of only two. J. C. Cunningham (1927–80) … on 23 November 1964 he led the first ascent of Mount Jackson, Palmer Land 3,180 metres (10,430 ft); the highest peak in the BAT.
  6. "SCAR Gazetteer Ref. No 7021: Jackson, Mount". Gazetteer of the British Antarctic Territory. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  7. British Antarctic Survey (1969). Annual Report. Natural Environment Research Council. p. 5. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  8. Encyclopaedia of mountaineering, p. 74
  9. "Exploring the Frozen World" (pdf). Mountain World, Climb Magazine.com. Retrieved 15 February 2014. Ascent of the highest mountain in the entire Peninsula, Mount Jackson at 3,184 metres (10,446 ft) well to the south in remote Palmer Land, fell to the Scot, John Cunningham, in 1964
  10. Riffenburgh, pp. 66–
  11. Bulletin. British Antarctic Survey. 1980. pp. 23, 30. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  12. "Physiography and Glacial Geomorphology of the Central Black Coast, Palmer Land" (PDF). British Antarctic Survey Bulletin, Antarctica.ac.uk. pp. 21–22, 30. Archived from the original (pdf) on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  13. Commonwealth Yearbook 2004, p. 341
  14. Rubin 2008, pp. 35–36
  15. Sailing Directions, p. 97
  16. Herzfeld, pp. 204–
  17. "Cline Glacier: Antarctica". Bethesda, MD, USA: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  18. "Antarctica". Encyclopedia of the Nations. Retrieved 15 January 2013.

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