Motion-induced blindness

Motion Induced Blindness (MIB) is a phenomenon of visual disappearance or perceptual illusions observed in the lab, in which stationary visual stimuli disappear as if erased in front of an observer's eyes when masked with a moving background. Most recent research has shown that microsaccades counteract disappearance but are neither necessary nor sufficient to account for MIB.[2]

In this demonstration the observer focuses at the flickering green dot in the middle. After about 10 seconds, the observer sees one, two or all three of the static yellow dots arranged at the corners of an imaginary equilateral triangle disappear and then reappear. These disappearances and reappearances continue pseudo-randomly [1] for as long as the observer cares to look.

Overview

Motion-induced blindness was originally discovered by Grindley and Townsend in 1965,[3] followed by Ramachandran and Gregory in 1991.[4] However it was given more attention and named when rediscovered by Bonneh, Cooperman, and Sagi in 2001. The researchers originally attributed its causes strictly to attentional mechanisms, seeing the visual system as operating in a winner-takes-it-all manner.[5]

Troxler's fading, discovered by Troxler in 1804, is a very similar phenomenon in which an object away from one's focus of attention disappears and reappears irregularly. There is no necessity for a moving background for this illusion to occur. Other similar phenomena in which salient stimuli disappear and reappear include binocular rivalry, discovered as early as 1593,[6] monocular rivalry,[7] and flash suppression.

Causes

The illusion catches the brain ignoring or discarding information. This may be one of the brain's useful tricks, a deficiency - or perhaps both. An ongoing debate regarding the causes of MIB is still present in today's vision research, however the purely attentional mechanism explanation has been rejected and new theories were put forward.

Interhemispheric Switch

There is a correlation between an individual’s switch rate during binocular rivalry and the rate of disappearance and reappearance in MIB in the same individual.[8] This is most evident when the investigation involves an adequate sample from the 8-10X range of switch rates in the human population. In addition, TMS, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation interruption of the MIB cycle is specific jointly, for both the hemisphere receiving the TMS pulse and the phase of the MIB cycle, with the disappearance phase susceptible to interruption via Left hemisphere TMS and the reappearance phase susceptible to Right hemisphere interruption.[9] In this way, MIB is like binocular rivalry, where hemispheric manipulations using caloric vestibular stimulation (or TMS) also require the correct combination of cerebral hemisphere and phase (1/4 possibilities).[10]

From these observations, it can be argued that MIB is an interhemispheric switching phenomenon, an unexpected member of the class of rhythmic, biphasic, perceptual rivalries such as binocular rivalry and plaid motion rivalry.[10] In this formulation, the disappearance in MIB can be understood in terms of the cognitive style of the Left hemisphere, which chooses a single possibility from the many, and ignores or “denies” the others (denial being one of the characteristic defence mechanisms of the Left, which becomes exaggerated in the Left hemisphere bias of mania). MIB reappearance is attributable to the Right hemisphere, whose “discrepancy detector” cognitive style assesses all possibilities, and therefore disagrees with the biased decision to ignore the bright yellow stimulus.[11] A corollary of this formulation is a predictable connection between MIB and mood, which was successfully tested on thousands of viewers watching ABC TV’s Catalyst Program in Australia, where longer disappearance phases were observed in euphoric individuals and very short, or absent, disappearances were a feature of the dysphoria of stress, trauma and depression.

Surface completion

Numerous psychophysical findings emphasize the importance of surface completion and depth cues in visual perception. Thus, if MIB is affected by these factors it will regulate in accordance to simple occlusion principles. In their study, Graf et al. (2002) stereoscopically presented a moving grid stimulus set behind, in front of, or in the same plane as the static dots. They then showed involuntary completion of the grid elements into a surface interacting with the static targets - creating an illusion of occlusion.[12] When the grid appeared in front of the targets the proportion of disappearance was larger than when it was behind or on the same plane. Although to a lesser extent, MIB did nonetheless occur in the conditions where the perceptual occlusion was not taking place (targets were in front of the mask).

The effect of interposition and perceived depth on target disappearance in MIB was also shown in a study done by Hsu et al. (2010) where a concave target appearing behind its surrounding disappeared more frequently than a convex one appearing in front of the mask.[13] These effects, albeit being less significant, were replicated in similar settings without the use of motion.

The above experiments show that surface completion and simple occlusion precepts can predictably modulate MIB. However. they do not explain the origin of MIB, and may only be evoking other processes contingent upon it. Moreover, the surface completion theory does not explain the role of motion in this phenomenon.

Perceptual filling-in

Hsu et al. (2004) compared MIB to a similar phenomenon of perceptual filling-in (PFI), which likewise reveals a striking dissociation between the percept and the sensory input.[14] They describe both as visual attributes which are perceived in a certain region of the visual field regardless of being in the background (in the same manner as colour, brightness or texture) thus inducing target disappearance. They argue that because in both MIB and PFI the disappearance; or the incorporation of the background motion stimuli; becomes more profound with an increase in eccentricity, decrease in contrast and when perceptual grouping with other stimuli is controlled for; the two illusions are very likely to be a result of intermutual processes. Since MBI and PFI show to be structurally similar, it seems plausible that MIB can be a phenomenon responsible for completing missing information across the blind spot and scotomas where motion is involved.

Motion streak suppression

Rather than a deficiency of our visual processing, MIB may be a functional side effect of the visual system’s attempt to facilitate a better perception of movement. Wallis and Arnold (2009) propose a plausible explanation of target disappearance in MIB by linking it to the processes responsible for motion streak suppression.[15] In their view, target disappearance is a side effect of our vision's attempt to provide an apparent perception of moving form. MIB shows to be hindered at equiluminance and augmented at the trailing edges of movement, all reminiscent of motion streak suppression. It appears that what drives MIB is a competition between a neural signal sensitive to spatiotemporal luminance and one responding to proximate stationary targets; where the stronger signal eventuates with what we actually perceive at any given moment (Donner et al., 2008).[16]

Perceptual scotoma

A different explanatory approach by New and Scholl (2008) proposes that the phenomenon is another instance of our visual system's endeavor to provide clear and accurate perception.[17] Because the static targets appear to be invariant with respect to the background motion, the visual system removes them from our awareness, discarding it as being contrary to the logic of perception and real life situations; thus treating it as a piece of disaffiliated retina or a scotoma. Consistent with this account is the fact that targets which are stabilized on the retina are more likely to be induced to disappearance than the ones moving across the retina.

Implications

MIB reveals that the brain uses mental models in order to process reality. The phenomenon also enables researchers to study consciousness, and attention with objective methods.

As the phenomenon was discovered so recently, researchers have speculated about whether MIB occurs outside the laboratory, without being noticed as such. Situations such as driving, in which some night drivers should see stationary red tail lights of the preceding cars disappear temporally when they attend to the moving stream of lights from oncoming traffic may be case points.[18]

gollark: > And can be solved using legislationHow do you fix racial bias or whatever through just *legislating* it?
gollark: My phone is at... 19%, since the battery's fried.
gollark: Anyway, you need *a* connection for emergency calls to work, because it has to connect somehow, but sometimes I get "emergency calls only" on my phone, and apparently there's a lot of specific handling of them in the phone network.
gollark: Apparently I have a 13% communism score.
gollark: There are a bunch of vaccines being tested, but apparently they won't be ready to widely deploy until next year.

See also

References
  1. Carter, Olivia L; Pettigrew, John D (2003). "A common oscillator for perceptual rivalries?". Perception. 32 (3): 295–305. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.551.3326. doi:10.1068/p3472. PMID 12729381.
  2. Bonneh, Y. S.; Donner, T. H.; Sagi, D.; Fried, M.; Cooperman, A.; Heeger, D. J.; Arieli, A. (2010). "Motion-induced blindness and microsaccades: Cause and effect". Journal of Vision. 10 (14): 22. doi:10.1167/10.14.22. PMC 3075454. PMID 21172899.
  3. Grindley, G. C.; Townsend, Valerie (1 June 1965). "Binocular masking induced by a moving object". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 17 (2): 97–109. doi:10.1080/17470216508416418. ISSN 0033-555X.
  4. Ramachandran, V. S.; Gregory, R. L. (1991). "Perceptual filling in of artificially induced scotomas in human vision". Nature. 350 (6320): 699–702. Bibcode:1991Natur.350..699R. doi:10.1038/350699a0. PMID 2023631.
  5. Bonneh, Yoram S.; Cooperman, Alexander; Sagi, Dov (2001). "Motion-induced blindness in normal observers". Nature. 411 (6839): 798–801. Bibcode:2001Natur.411..798B. doi:10.1038/35081073. PMID 11459058.
  6. Porta, Giambattista Della (1593). De refractione optices parte: libri novem. Naples: Ex officina Horatii Salviani, apud Jo. Jacobum Carlinum, & Antonium Pacem. OCLC 14189138.
  7. Breese, B. B. (1899). "On inhibition". The Psychological Review: Monograph Supplements. 3 (1): i–65. doi:10.1037/h0092990.
  8. O Carter, O; Pettigrew, J.D. (2006). "Plaid Motion Rivalry: correlates with binocular rivalry and positive mood state". Perception. 35 (2): 157–69. doi:10.1068/p5395. PMID 16583762.
  9. A Funk, A; Pettigrew, J.D. (2003). "Does Interhemispheric Competition Mediate Motion-Induced-Blindness? A Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation Study". Perception. 32 (11): 1328–38. doi:10.1068/p5088. PMID 14959794.
  10. Miller, Steven M.; Liu, Guang B.; Ngo, Trung T.; Hooper, Greg; Riek, Stephan; Carson, Richard G.; Pettigrew, John D. (2000). "Interhemispheric switching mediates perceptual rivalry". Current Biology. 10 (7): 383–92. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00416-4. PMID 10753744.
  11. Forrest, D. V. (2000). "Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind". American Journal of Psychiatry. 157 (5): 841–2. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.841.
  12. Graf, E. W.; Adams, W. J.; Lages, M. (November 2002). "Modulating motion-induced blindness with depth ordering and surface completion". Vision Research. 42 (25): 2731–5. doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(02)00390-5. PMID 12450492.
  13. Hsu, L. C.; Kramer, P.; Yeh, S. L. (August 2010). "Monocular depth effects on perceptual fading". Vision Research. 50 (17): 1649–55. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.05.008. PMID 20580732.
  14. Hsu, L. C.; Yeh, S. L.; Kramer, P. (November 2004). "Linking motion-induced blindness to perceptual filling-in". Vision Research. 44 (24): 2857–66. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2003.10.029. PMID 15342229.
  15. Wallis, T. S.; Arnold, D. H. (24 February 2009). "Motion-induced blindness and motion streak suppression". Current Biology. 19 (4): 325–9. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.053. PMID 19217295.
  16. Donner, Tobias H.; Sagi, Dov; Bonneh, Yoram S.; Heeger, David J. (8 October 2008). "Opposite Neural Signatures of Motion-Induced Blindness in Human Dorsal and Ventral Visual Cortex". The Journal of Neuroscience. 28 (41): 10298–310. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2371-08.2008. PMC 2570589. PMID 18842889.
  17. New, J. J.; Scholl, B. J. (July 2008). "'Perceptual scotomas': a functional account of motion-induced blindness". Psychological Science. 19 (7): 653–9. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02139.x. PMID 18727780.
  18. Whitfield, John (14 June 2001). "A brain in doubt leaves it out". Nature News. doi:10.1038/news010614-9.
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