Mother church

Mother church or matrice is a term depicting the Christian Church as a mother in her functions of nourishing and protecting the believer.[1] It may also refer to the primary church of a Christian denomination or diocese, i.e. Cathedral or a metropolitan church.[2] The term has specific meanings within different Christian traditions.

Not to be confused with Sister church.
Mother church architecturally represented in a mosaic of a fifth-century chapel floor (tomb marker/cover of a certain Valentia with the added invocation to rest in peace: Valentia in Pace). Bardo Museum, Tunis.

Church as an organization

Primatial local churches

The "first see", or primatial see, of a regional or national church is sometimes referred to as the mother church of that nation. For example, the local Church of Armagh is the primatial see of Ireland, because it was the first established local Church in that country. Similarly, Rome is the primatial see of Italy, and Baltimore of the United States, and so on.

The first local church in all of Christianity is that of Jerusalem, the site of the Passion of the Christ and of Pentecost, making it the Mother Church of all Christianity.[3][4]

Catholic Church

This term is most often used among Catholics as Holy Mother Church.[5] The Church is considered to be a mother to her members because she is the Bride of Christ,[6] and all other churches have had their origin or derived from her. Another term used in the Catechism is the title "Mater et Magistra" (Mother and Teacher).[7] Pope John XXIII made this the title of his encyclical celebrating the seventieth year after Leo XIII's groundbreaking social encyclical, explaining that in this Mother and Teacher all nations "should find ... their own completeness in a higher order of living."[8] Pope Francis said:[9]

The Church is our mother. She is our "Holy Mother Church" that is generated through our baptism, makes us grow up in her community and has that motherly attitude, of meekness and goodness: Our Mother Mary and our Mother Church know how to caress their children and show tenderness. To think of the Church without that motherly feeling is to think of a rigid association, an association without human warmth, an orphan.[10]

Anglican Communion

In Anglicanism, the Church of England gave rise to all the other Churches in the Anglican Communion, and as such she is considered the Mother Church.[11] The Archbishop of Canterbury thus serves as the focus of the Anglican Communion.[12]

Methodist Church

In Methodism, the Methodist Church of Great Britain is considered the Mother Church by all the other Methodist Churches in the World Methodist Council, with Methodist Central Hall often being a symbol of this tradition.[13][14] This is because the Methodist Church of Great Britain "gave birth to the whole Methodist enterprise and then of a nineteenth-century church whose influence reached out across the world through the missionary endeavors of the various British Connexions within and beyond the British Empire."[13]

National Baptist Convention

The National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc., is often referred to as the "mother church" among African-American Baptists. This Convention is the oldest and largest of the Conventions and all other National Baptists trace their origin to her. Also, several large Pentecostal Organizations regard this convention as their mother church.

Apostolic Sees or Ecclesia matrix

Apostolic sees are those local churches founded by one of the Twelve Apostles or Paul the Apostle. In 1855 Bingham wrote: "Ecclesia matrix, a mother-church, is sometimes taken for an original church planted immediately by the Apostles, whence others were derived and propagated afterward. ...And in this sense the Church of Jerusalem is called 'the mother-church of all churches in the world.'"

He also refers to "Arles the mother church of France, supposedly planted by the Apostle's missionary Trophimus, first bishop of the place."[15]

Church as a building
The Aedicule encloses the tomb of Jesus, in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem

Church of the Resurrection

The Mother Church of Christianity is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, the site of the most important events at the foundation of the religion. It sits by the most sacred sites of Christianity, the place of Jesus' crucifixion, death, burial, and resurrection.

Cathedral
"Most Holy Lateran Church, of all the churches in the city and the world, the mother and head" ("Sacros[ancta] Lateran[ensis] eccles[ia] omnium urbis et orbis ecclesiarum mater et caput") Inscription on the façade of the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran (Rome).

Mother church may also be a title of distinction based on a church's hierarchical importance. The church of the bishop of an episcopal see is often considered the mother church of the diocese. Holy Name Cathedral in Chicago, Illinois, falls under this category. While it was not the first Roman Catholic cathedral of the city, it became the mother church due to the presence of the episcopal cathedra. This form of distinction based on hierarchical importance is usually used by the Roman Catholic Church, and, sometimes, the churches of the Anglican Communion,[16] while most Protestant denominations tend to refrain from using the title in this manner.

The pope's cathedral, the Papal Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, is called Sacrosancta Lateranensis ecclesia omnium urbis et orbis ecclesiarum mater et caput ("Most Holy Lateran Church, Mother and Head of all the churches in the city and the world").[17]

Canterbury Cathedral, seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury, describes itself as the "Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion".[18]

Canterbury Cathedral, mother church of the Anglican Communion

First mission church

The first church built in a mission area is sometimes called the mother church. For example, the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu, Hawaii, was the site of the first French Catholic mission of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, from which the modern Hawaii Catholic Church was established. Under these circumstances it is today considered the mother church of all Hawaii.[19] Similarly, the Mission San Carlos Borromeo in Carmel, California, is considered the mother church of California, as it historically served as the headquarters of the California mission system.

Principal church of a religious institute

The term may also relate to the churches of the various religious institutes, royal orders, or civic orders. For example, Madonna Della Strada Chapel became the mother church of the Province of Chicago of the Society of Jesus, as the principal church of the Jesuits in its particular province including Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio.[20] On a broader scale, the Chiesa del Gesù in Rome is the mother church of all Jesuits throughout the world as it is the church of the order's Superior General.[17]

Plantation churches

Another form of the phrase is mainly used in Protestant churches. A mother church is one from which other "daughter churches" were planted nearby.[21]

Historically significant churches
The Greater Refuge Temple in Harlem, New York City, the mother church of the Pentecostal Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith

The oldest churches of various religious communities are often considered the mother churches to others that follow either in that same tradition or, alternatively, in a reformist tradition. A church's hierarchical importance is often derived from its historical importance in its organization. In addition, in communities where churches may change their ecclesiastical association or become independent (particularly in Pentecostal, charismatic, and nondenominational churches in America), a mother church may have daughter churches in one or more organizations.

Mount Olive Holy Temple is the "mother church" of the Mount Sinai Holy Church of America. Bishop Ida B. Robinson began pastoring the church in 1919. In 1924, Mount Olive Holy Temple became the mother church of the denomination when it received its charter.

The mother church in Christian Science is The First Church of Christ, Scientist in Boston, the Church of Christ Scientist of which all others are branches. Per the Manual of The Mother Church, the legal title of the mother church is "The First Church of Christ, Scientist," and while its branch churches may call themselves First Church of Christ, Scientist, or Second Church of Christ, Scientist, etc., they are prohibited from using "The" in front of their names. Only The Mother Church can do so.[22]

Greater Refuge Temple Church in New York City is the mother church of the Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith, an Apostolic Pentecostal denomination. As such, it is also ultimately the mother church of its various offshoot churches and organizations, including both Bible Way organizations and the Church of the Lord Jesus Christ and its daughter churches. In addition, churches that were independently founded by ministers who were ordained or directly influenced by the church's founder, Robert C. Lawson, or his spiritual successor, William L. Bonner, may also look to Greater Refuge Temple as their mother church, including the Progressive Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ, the Evangelistic Church of Christ, and many others.[23]

gollark: I mean, "list of AI" is probably easy enough, you could just... search github using some keywords, and maybe research papers.
gollark: Just because you can describe a task in a sentence or so doesn't mean you can give a description clear and detailed enough to think about programming it.
gollark: Early attempts at AI back in the last millennium tried to create AIs by giving them logical reasoning abilities and a large set of facts. This didn't really work; they did some things, hit the limits of the facts they had, and didn't do anything very interesting.
gollark: They don't even have *memory* - you just train the model a bunch, keep that around, feed it data, and then get the results; next time you want data out, you use the original model from the training phase.
gollark: They don't really have goals, only the training code does, and that goal is something like "maximize prediction accuracy with respect to the data".

References
  1. "mother church - definition of mother church in English | Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  2. "Catholic Church: Glossary of Roman Catholic terms". BBC News. 2013-03-29. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  3. Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (A.D. 71–1099): "During the first Christian centuries the church at this place was the centre of Christianity in Jerusalem, "Holy and glorious Sion, mother of all churches" (Intercession in "St. James' Liturgy", ed. Brightman, p. 54). Saint Mark of syriac orthodox church is also known as last supper church and believe first christian church. "
  4. Van Houwelingen, P.H.R. (2012). "Jerusalem, The Mother Church: Development of the Apostolic Church from the Perspective of Jerusalem". S árospatakiFüzetek. 2012 (3–4): 11–32.
  5. "Catechism of the Catholic Church". www.vatican.va. Paragraphs 1163, 1667, 36. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  6. "Lumen gentium". www.vatican.va. Paragraphs 6,7,9,39. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  7. "Catechism of the Catholic Church". www.vatican.va. Paragraph 169. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  8. "Mater et Magistra (May 15, 1961) | John XXIII". w2.vatican.va. Paragraph 1. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  9. "Pope Francis: Church is a mother, not a rigid association". Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  10. "Pope Francis: Church is a mother, not a rigid association". Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  11. Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (18 October 2011). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications. p. 37. ISBN 9781452266565. A reduced Church of England at home is, however, the mother church of an expanding Anglican Communion--that is, an international association of Anglican churches. The nature of this entity is important.
  12. O'Donovan, Oliver. Church in Crisis. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 19. ISBN 9781621898528. This is complicated by his special role within the Church of England, for the Anglican Communion is constructed on the historic relationship of its member churches to the English mother church, its senior primacy vested in the primate of all England.
  13. Jr, Charles Yrigoyen (25 September 2014). T&T Clark Companion to Methodism. A&C Black. p. 73. ISBN 9780567290779. British Methodism therefore holds an inescapable chronological priority in the history of world Methodism and it has also often been accorded a courteous priority of esteem, being regard still as the 'mother church' by Methodists from many parts of the globe. The story of the origins and development of Methodism in what is now the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, therefore, is the story, first, of an eighteenth-century movement which gave birth to the whole Methodist enterprise and then of a nineteenth-century church whose influence reached out across the world through the missionary endeavors of the various British Connexions within and beyond the British Empire.
  14. Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. ABC-CLIO. p. 1878. ISBN 9781598842043. Then in 1855, the Methodist Church in Australia became independent of the mother church in Great Britain.
  15. Bingham, J., The Antiquities of the Christian Church, University Press, 1855, p. 22-23.
  16. See e.g. Rogers, KJN., A practical arrangement of ecclesiastical law,Saunders and Benning, 1840. p. 154.
  17. Roma Sito Turistico Ufficiale - Christian Rome Dipartimento Promozione del Turismo e della Moda Accessed 11 Apr 2012
  18. "Canterbury Cathedral - The Mother Church of The Worldwide Anglican Communion". Canterbury Cathedral. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  19. "Cathedral Art and Architecture". Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
  20. HONORING THE BISHOPS OF SCRANTON, CHURCH AND THE JESUITS: THE CAMPUS The University of Scranton Accessed 11 April 2012.
  21. E.Raymond - SOME CONVICTIONS ABOUT CHURCH PLANTING AND THE MOTHER / DAUGHTER CHURCH RELATIONSHIP published February 17, 2011 by TGC The Gospel Coalition Accessed 11 Apr 2012.
  22. Mary Baker Eddy Institute: The Manual of The Mother Church, by Mary Baker Eddy, Article XXIII, Titles. Section2, p. 25 online and p. 70 in book
  23. Christ Temple WORD Processing Ministry - History of C.O.O.L.J.C. Christ Temple of Clinton Maryland Accessed 11 Apr 2012.
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