Mir mine

The Mir mine (Russian: кимберлитовая алмазная трубка «Мир» kimberlitovaya almaznaya trubka "Mir"; English: kimberlite diamond pipe "Peace"), also called the Mirny mine, is an open pit diamond mine located in Mirny, Sakha Republic, in the Siberian region of eastern Russia. The mine is more than 525 meters (1,722 ft) deep (4th in the world), has a diameter of 1,200 m (3,900 ft),[1] and is one of the largest excavated holes in the world.

Mir mine
The Mir mine in Yakutia
Location
Mir Mine
Location in Russia
LocationMirny, Sakha Republic
RegionSiberia
CountryRussia
Coordinates62°31′45″N 113°59′36″E
Production
ProductsDiamonds
Production10,000,000 carats (2,000 kg) per year
Financial year1960s
History
Opened1957
Closed2004
Owner
CompanyAlrosa
WebsiteLink
Year of acquisition1992

Open-pit mining began in 1957 and was discontinued in 2001. Since 2009, it has been active as an underground diamond mine.[2]

Discovery

The diamond-bearing deposits were discovered on June 13, 1955, by Soviet geologists Yuri Khabardin, Ekaterina Elagina and Viktor Avdeenko during the large Amakinsky Expedition in Yakut ASSR. They found traces of the volcanic rock kimberlite, which is usually associated with diamonds. This finding was the second success in the search for kimberlite in Russia, after numerous failed expeditions of the 1940s and 1950s. (The first was Zarnitsa mine, 1954.) For this discovery, in 1957 Khabardin was given the Lenin Prize, one of the highest awards in the Soviet Union.[3][4]

Development

The development of the mine started in 1957, in extremely harsh climate conditions. Seven months of winter per year froze the ground, making it hard to mine. During the brief summer months, the ground turned to slush. Buildings had to be raised on piles, so that they would not sink from their warmth melting the permafrost. The main processing plant had to be built on better ground, found 20 km (12 mi) away from the mine. The winter temperatures were so low that car tires and steel would shatter and oil would freeze. During the winter, workers used jet engines to thaw and dig out the permafrost or blasted it with dynamite to get access to the underlying kimberlite. The entire mine had to be covered at night to prevent the machinery from freezing.[5][6]

In the 1960s the mine was producing 10,000,000 carats (2,000 kg; 4,400 lb) of diamond per year, of which a relatively high fraction (20%) were of gem quality.[5] The upper layers of the mine (down to 340 m (1,120 ft)) had very high diamond contents of four carats (0.80 g) per tonne of ore, with a relatively high ratio of gems to industrial stones. The yield decreased to about 2 carats (0.40 g) per tonne and the production rate slowed to 2,000,000 carats (400 kg; 880 lb) per year near the pit bottom. The largest diamond of the mine was found on 23 December 1980; it weighed 342.5 carats (68.50 g) and was named "26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union" (Russian: XXVI съезд КПСС). The mine operation was interrupted in the 1990s at a depth of 340 m (1,120 ft) after the pit bottom became flooded, but resumed later.[7][8]

De Beers involvement

The rapid development of the Mir mine had worried the De Beers company, which at that time led a cartel that controlled distribution of most of the world's diamonds. De Beers had to buy Soviet diamonds in order to control the market price, and therefore needed to know as much as possible about the Russian mining developments. In the 1970s, in the midst of a proxy cold war in Southern Africa, De Beers requested permission to visit the Mir mine. Permission was granted under the condition that Soviet experts would visit De Beers diamond mines in South Africa. De Beers executive Sir Philip Oppenheimer and chief geologist Barry Hawthorne arrived in Moscow in the summer of 1976. They were intentionally delayed in Moscow by the arrangement of a series of meetings and lavish banquets with Soviet geologists, mineralogists, engineers, and mine managers. When Oppenheimer and Hawthorne finally reached the Mir mine, their visas were about to expire, so that they could only stay for 20 minutes. Even that short time was sufficient to get some important details. For example, the Soviets did not use water during the ore processing at all, which was astonishing to De Beers. The reason was that water would freeze most of the year, and dry crushing was used instead. De Beers also overestimated the size of the mine's pit.[9]

Operations

The Mir mine was the first developed and the largest diamond mine in the Soviet Union.[10] Its surface operation lasted 44 years, finally closing in June 2001.[8] After the collapse of the USSR, in the 1990s, the mine was operated by the Sakha diamond company, which reported annual profits in excess of $600 million from diamond sales.[11]

Later, the mine was operated by Alrosa, the largest diamond producing company in Russia, and employed 3,600 workers. It had long been anticipated that the recovery of diamonds by conventional surface mining would end. Therefore, in the 1970s construction of a network of tunnels for underground diamond recovery began. By 1999, the project operated exclusively as an underground mine. In order to stabilize the abandoned surface main pit, its bottom was covered by a rubble layer 45 m (148 ft) thick.[1] After underground operations began, the project had a mine life estimate of 27 years, based on a drilling exploration program to a depth of 1,220 m (4,000 ft). Production ceased in 2001,[12] and the Mir mine closed in 2004.[13][14]

The mine was recommissioned in 2009, and is expected to remain operational for 50 more years.[2]

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See also

References
  1. "Mirninsky GOK" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2012-12-21. Retrieved 2009-08-08. English version
  2. "Underground Mine of Mir Commissioned". Alrosa. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  3. Первооткрывателю трубки "Мир" Екатерине Елагиной исполняется 80 лет (in Russian).
  4. Город Мирный. Official site of town Mirny (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2009-06-10. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
  5. "A Brief History of the World's Largest Open Pit Diamond Mine". Archived from the original on 2013-01-01. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
  6. E. J. Epstein (1982). "17 The Russians are coming". The diamond invention. Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-147690-9.
  7. "Именные алмазы (list of named diamond)" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2012-07-20. Retrieved 2009-08-08. English version
  8. Kogel, Jessica Elzea; Trivedi, Nikhil C.; Barker, James M.; Krukowski, Stanley T., eds. (2006). Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and Uses (7th ed.). SME. p. 424. ISBN 0-87335-233-5.
  9. Tingle, Rory (15 August 2016). "Russia's Mir diamond mine valued at £13 billion". Daily Mail. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  10. "The Nature of Diamonds - Russia". American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 2009-04-04. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
  11. Tichotsky, John (2000). Russia's Diamond Colony: The Republic of Sakha. Psychology Press. p. 333. ISBN 90-5702-420-9.
  12. http://www.amusingplanet.com/2013/04/abandoned-mir-diamond-mine-in-russia.html
  13. "Mirny Mine". MineDat. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  14. Michaud, David (Chrispine) (4 September 2013). "Largest Mines in the World". Mining Examiner. 911 Metallurgist. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014.
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