Minnesota Food Cooperative Wars

The Minnesota Food Cooperative Wars took place in the late 1960s and early 1970s and revolved around the many food cooperatives in the Twin Cities region of Minnesota. The food cooperative movement was started by The People's Pantry, an establishment that aimed to provide bulk-supplied "natural" foods to the surrounding community at wholesale prices.[1] Rival co-operatives such as the Cooperative Organization or CO expanded because of their focus on centralized distribution and Maoist political organizing in contrast to the opposing model of decentralized, organic-food-focused co-ops.[2] In 1975 polarization amongst different types of co-operatives led to vigorous competition, violent altercations, and the territorial seizure of some co-ops.[3] The conflict began to fade out for various reasons during the summer of the following year.[1]

Beginning of the Food Cooperative Wars (1970–1975)

Initial goals of cooperatives

Many of the early co-operatives had hopes of being able to offer a natural and inexpensive alternative to the grocery industry in a community-centered farmers' market economy.[1] The members of various cooperatives also hoped to have the ability to feed most, if not all, of the Twin Cities region with their collective resources.[2] Most co-ops maintained communication with others through the Public Review Board that worked through one of the biggest co-ops, the People's Warehouse in Minneapolis.[1]

Reasons for polarization

In the early 1970s most co-operatives stood by the initial goals of the cooperative movement, but as time went by an ideological split emerged between those of the traditional decentralized and organic-focused co-ops and those in favor of Marxism–Leninism–Maoism.[2] This faction believed that these food cooperatives should not only serve the community, but that they should be a centralized force to unite the working class against the capitalist class. They emphasized that the cooperatives in their early working form were too decentralized and disunited. They also pushed for cheaper items of produce to be sold, such as margarine, white bread, and other items with some processed ingredients as to make the cooperatives more affordable and increase the range of their shopper demographic.[1] This side eventually became known as the Cooperative Organization or the CO. Their model of organizing was heavily influenced by groups such as the Black Panther Party.[2]

The Food Cooperative Wars (1975–1976)

Beginning of wars

The cooperative wars began in the late spring of 1975 when the CO attended a quarterly meeting of the Policy Review Board, an intermediary organization made up of various representatives from different co-operatives, hosted at the People's Warehouse. At this meeting the CO laid out a radical, new proposed, centralized structure for the board.[3] In the plan, the CO proposed that cooperatives widen the food variety given and sold and to centralize the People's Warehouse and therefore all of the midwest food cooperatives. The Public Review Board refused this proposal.[1]

On May 5, 1975, 25 members of the CO broke into the People's Warehouse using metal pipes as weapons and took the main food cooperative by force.[2] The Policy Review Board was forcibly removed from the building, but there were no significant injuries inflicted. The event was made even more controversial when the notably-anarchist Policy Review Board contacted the police and tried to sue the CO over building ownership.[3] Some surrounding food cooperatives were in favor of this change and continued to do business and align with the CO’s main objectives while others boycotted and found other ways in which to transport and sell their product.[1] Following the takeover of the People's Warehouse, the CO attempted to occupy the nearby North Country food co-operative as well, but the attempt fell through due to the leaking of the plan beforehand by a CO defector. This led to the police arriving at the scene at the time of the attempt, and the would-be occupiers were quickly dispersed.[3]

In December 1975 the CO furthered their agenda by attacking the Bryant-Central Cooperative. Members firebombed a coordinator's truck. They also briefly occupied and attacked the workers of the Seward Cooperative on January 9 of the following year.[4][1] Alongside with these attacks the CO maintained control in other co-ops where their members were the majority. In response to these incidents, food co-operatives in the area began incorporating to ensure their property ownership could be verified by the police during occupations.[3]

The CO also launched a march of between 50 and 100 people against the Mill City Food Cooperative with intentions of taking over their business.[3] The Mill City Food Cooperative met this march with approximately 200 of their own people who blockaded the storefront and were able to maintain the CO marchers from entering.[1]

End of the Cooperative Wars (1976–1980s)

Beginning of end

In 1976, a mob of North Country Cooperative's members, expelled its majority-CO board members for attempting to lift the co-operative’s embargo on the still CO-controlled People's Warehouse. After this event, at the nearby CO-controlled Powderhorn Cooperative, non-CO co-op members broke into North Country Cooperative, changed the locks, and installed a new cash register.[1] In the summer of 1976 the biggest food cooperative, People’s Warehouse was restored back to its original order with the Policy Review Board regaining full control through winning a significant court action.[3] Following this loss, the CO still maintained power in some cooperatives, but made no further attempts to expand their revolutionary efforts by taking over new co-operatives.[1] By the early 1980s Minnesota's food cooperative scene had begun to recede.[5]

Effects of the Cooperative Wars

People that were not as involved, such as the everyday citizens of Minneapolis and the surrounding areas, were scared away, and the wars have negatively stigmatized food co-operatives for some older twin-cities residents.[2] The damage done by the wars, in public image, drove many cooperative members to trend away from taking part in political activity in the region.[6] Many former CO members now see the organization as having been a cult.[3] Neither side in the co-op wars were able to realize their vision of a revolutionary co-op fed working class, or a natural food based massive distribution network.[2] Despite the difficulties faced by the movement, Minnesota still has more food cooperatives than almost any other state in the United States.[7]

References

1. Olsen, Kris (1970–1998). "Minnesota food cooperatives records". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
2. Walters, Jonah (August 2017). "Beware Your Local Food Cooperative". Jacobin. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
3. Almli, Maria. "The 1970s Co-Op Wars". KFAI. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
4. Kenney, Dave. "Intrigue and violence on the Twin Cities food co-op scene". MinnPost. MinnPost. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
5. Cox, Craig (1994). Storefront Revolution: Food Co-ops and the Counterculture. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-8135-2102-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
6. Collins, Jon. "When Twin Cities co-ops went to war over margarine". The Cities. Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
7. "Food Co-ops and Associates | Co-op Grocer Network". www.grocer.coop. Cooperative Grocer Network. Retrieved 25 October 2017.

Further reading

• Rizzo, Mary (2006). "Revolution in a Can: Food, Class, and Radicalism in the Minneapolis Co-op Wars of the 1970s". In Madden, Etta M.; Finch, Martha L. (eds.). Eating in Eden: Food and American Utopias. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 220–238. ISBN 978-0-8032-3251-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)