Midheaven

The midheaven (MC; from Latin Medium Coeli, literally "middle of the sky") is a point of definition in the ecliptic coordinate system. It aims to find the part of the ecliptic that corresponds to the highest point in a celestial object's apparent daily traverse of the visible sky, midway between its ascension on the eastern horizon and descension on the western horizon. The midheaven does not represent the point immediately overhead (our local zenith) or even the point of the ecliptic closest to it, but the point at which the local meridian intersects with the ecliptic.

Abbreviation used to denote the MC (midheaven)

In the northern hemisphere, the more northerly the latitude of the observer, the lower down on the horizon the midheaven point is likely to be, but it will always be the part of the zodiac that is due south at any time, indicating the point where the planets reach their highest declination in their arc between the ascendant and descendant. The reverse is true in the southern hemisphere where the planets culminate on the midheaven in alignment with due north.[1]

Calculation

Midheaven longitude

$Midheaven=\arctan \left({\frac {\tan \theta _{\rm {L}}}{\cos \varepsilon }}\right)$

where $\theta _{\rm {L}}$ is the local sidereal time and $\varepsilon$ is the obliquity of the ecliptic.[2]

Angles in the degrees ( ° ), minutes ( ' ), and seconds ( " ) of sexagesimal measure must be converted to decimal before calculations are performed. Whether they are converted to decimal degrees or radians depends upon the particular calculating machine or program.
Angles in the hours ( ^h ), minutes ( ^m ), and seconds ( ^s ) of time measure must be converted to decimal degrees or radians before calculations are performed. (1^h = 15° 1^m = 15' 1^s = 15")
Angles greater than 360° ( $2 π$ ) or less than 0° may need to be reduced to the range 0° - 360° (0 - $2 π$ ) depending upon the particular calculating machine or program.
Inverse trigonometric functions are quadrant-ambiguous, and results should be carefully evaluated. Use of an equation which finds the tangent, followed by the second arctangent function (ATN2 or ATAN2), is recommend.
For the past 5 million years, Earth's obliquity has varied between 22.042500° and 24.50444°.[3] The effect on Midheaven's longitude is less than 0,5295°. For values referred to the standard equinox J2000.0 use 23.4392911°; for J1950.0 use 23.4457889°.

Use in astrology

The Midheaven is noted as "MC" in this natal chart, close to the top

The Midheaven is one of the most important angles in the birth chart.

In the Alcabitius, Placidus, Koch, Campanus, Regiomontanus, Meridian and Krusinski house system, the local meridian passing through Midheaven forms the cusp of the 10th house. In the equal house system Midheaven can be found in the 8th, 9th, 10th or 11th house.[4]

The Midheaven quite often refers to a parent, quite often the mother, but sometimes the father. The other parent is sometimes represented by the angle at the opposite end, the Imum Coeli (IC).

Combinations of Ascendant and Midheaven signs

The Midheaven is always aligned with north or south. However, the Ascendant and Descendant are not necessarily aligned with east and west, so the Ascendant is not necessarily at 90 degrees to the Midheaven. The Ascendant is the degree of the ecliptic that intersects the eastern celestial horizon at a specific time and location. For observers in the tropics, this will always be close to due east and the Ascendant will always be close to 90 degrees away from the Midheaven. As the observer moves farther north or south it becomes possible for the Ascendant to be farther and farther away from due east.

Because of the obliquity of the Earth's axis relative to the ecliptic, away from the equator some signs take much longer to cross the eastern horizon than do others. In the northern hemisphere, the signs from Cancer through Sagittarius take longer to ascend than the signs from Capricorn through Gemini, whilst in the southern hemisphere the reverse is the case.

However, the Midheaven sign for a given sidereal time will remain the same regardless of the latitude of the location for which the chart is cast. This means that, for different latitudes, a different sign can be ascending for the same Midheaven sign. For equatorial latitudes, the sign on the Midheaven will generally be three signs before the sign on the Ascendant, but at very high latitudes this can vary between one sign before and five signs before the sign on the Ascendant. The greatest separations between Ascendant and Midheaven occur when short ascension signs (Aquarius, Pisces, Aries) are on the Midheaven, and the smallest when long ascension signs (Virgo, Libra, Scorpio) are on the Midheaven.

Ascendant sign	Midheaven signs for middle northern latitudes	Midheaven signs for high northern latitudes	Midheaven signs for southern latitudes
Aries	Capricorn	Capricorn	Capricorn, Aquarius
Taurus	Capricorn, Aquarius	Capricorn	Aquarius, Pisces
Gemini	Aquarius, Pisces	Capricorn, Aquarius	Pisces, Aries
Cancer	Pisces, Aries	Aquarius, Pisces	Aries, Taurus
Leo	Aries, Taurus	Pisces, Aries, Taurus	Taurus, Gemini
Virgo	Taurus, Gemini	Taurus, Gemini	Gemini
Libra	Cancer, Leo	Cancer, Leo	Cancer
Scorpio	Leo, Virgo	Leo, Virgo, Libra	Cancer, Leo
Sagittarius	Virgo, Libra	Libra, Scorpio	Leo, Virgo
Capricorn	Libra, Scorpio	Scorpio, Sagittarius	Virgo, Libra
Aquarius	Scorpio, Sagittarius	Sagittarius	Libra, Scorpio
Pisces	Sagittarius	Sagittarius	Scorpio, Sagittarius

Notes and references

Deborah Houlding, The Houses: Temples of the Sky, 'Part II: Technical Basis and the Inherent Difficulties of House Division'; pp.101-102. (online reproduction); retrieved 26 September 2011. The Wessex Astrologer Ltd, 2006. ISBN 978-1-902405-20-9.
Meeus, Jean (1991). Astronomical Algorithms. Willmann-Bell, Inc., Richmond, VA. ISBN 0-943396-35-2., chap. 12
Berger, A.L. (1976). "Obliquity and Precession for the Last 5000000 Years". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 51: 127–135. Bibcode:1976A&A....51..127B.
This was probably the system used almost universally in Hellenistic astrology. According to Paulus Alexandrinus, "it is necessary to know that the Midheaven degree does not always fall in the tenth from the Horoskopos, on account of the inequality of the [sign]'s temporal ascension, but sometimes on the ninth, sometimes on the eleventh." (Paulus Alexandrinus, Introductory Matters, in Late Classical Astrology: Paulus Alexandrinus and Olympiodorus (with the Scholia of later Latin Commentators). [Translated by Dorian Gieseler Greenbaum.] Archive for the Retrieval of Historical Astrological Texts [ARHAT], 2001, p. 63.)

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[1] Deborah Houlding, The Houses: Temples of the Sky, 'Part II: Technical Basis and the Inherent Difficulties of House Division'; pp.101-102. (online reproduction); retrieved 26 September 2011. The Wessex Astrologer Ltd, 2006. ISBN 978-1-902405-20-9.

[2] Meeus, Jean (1991). Astronomical Algorithms. Willmann-Bell, Inc., Richmond, VA. ISBN 0-943396-35-2., chap. 12

[3] Berger, A.L. (1976). "Obliquity and Precession for the Last 5000000 Years". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 51: 127–135. Bibcode:1976A&A....51..127B.

[4] This was probably the system used almost universally in Hellenistic astrology. According to Paulus Alexandrinus, "it is necessary to know that the Midheaven degree does not always fall in the tenth from the Horoskopos, on account of the inequality of the [sign]'s temporal ascension, but sometimes on the ninth, sometimes on the eleventh." (Paulus Alexandrinus, Introductory Matters, in Late Classical Astrology: Paulus Alexandrinus and Olympiodorus (with the Scholia of later Latin Commentators). [Translated by Dorian Gieseler Greenbaum.] Archive for the Retrieval of Historical Astrological Texts [ARHAT], 2001, p. 63.)