Microoptoelectromechanical systems

Microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS), also written as micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems or micro-optoelectromechanical systems, also known as optical microelectromechanical systems or optical MEMS, are not a special class of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) but rather the combination of MEMS merged with micro-optics; this involves sensing or manipulating optical signals on a very small size scale using integrated mechanical, optical, and electrical systems. MOEMS includes a wide variety of devices, for example optical switch, optical cross-connect, tunable VCSEL, microbolometers. These devices are usually fabricated using micro-optics and standard micromachining technologies using materials like silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and gallium arsenide.

Merging technologies
This figure first was introduced by M. Edward Motamedi
Diagram of a digital micromirror showing the mirror mounted on the suspended yoke with the torsion spring running bottom left to top right (light grey), with the electrostatic pads of the memory cells below (top left and bottom right)
DLP CINEMA. A Texas Instruments Technology

MOEMS includes two major technologies, microelectromechanical systems and micro-optics. Both these two technologies independently involve in batch processing similar to integrated circuits, and micromachining similar to fabrication of microsensor.

MEMS offers inherently device miniaturization and wide applications in sensors and actuators, robotics, accelerometers, microvalves, flow controllers, global positioning systems (GPS) component miniaturization; and a host of other sensors and actuators for applications to space, air, land, and sea vehicles, as well as industrial, biotechnology, and consumer electronics

During the 1980s the acronym of MEMS created a fortune for publication, getting government contracts and publicity. DARPA assigned a program manager for this field and significantly soon MEMS is promoted to be the king of the technology. Several high tech journals that were originated were attached to MEMS by supporting miniaturization and low cost manufacturing. Many private companies which did not have sufficient knowledge about MEMS also started jumping on the bandwagon.

Parallel with MEMS developments and even earlier, sensor technology advanced to microsensors and joining with microactuators. Development of microsensors and microactuators were also due to a mother technology of micromachining. Micromachining is the root of everything we have today in high technology. This technology was never credited in history as it deserved. It was commercially used during the 1960s in Switzerland, for micromachining quartz orders of magnitudes harder than micromachining silicon. MEMS acronym was so powerful during the 1980s, that with no choice microsensors and microactuators that included micromachining, all joined MEMS by a soft landing. As a result, the MEMS acronym was more attractive for publicity and even today is dominating in microtechnologies without giving credit to its real parents.

During the MEMS era, and before that time frame, Rockwell International was involved in commercial MEMS development under government contracts. During early 1980s Rockwell successfully built the first CMOS MEMS high performance and high G accelerometer chip for space applications.[1] The wafer was processed inside Rockwell VLSI lab in Anaheim, CA. This was a breakthrough in MEMS technology, but it did not appear in the literature until 1988.

During the early 1990s, Rockwell Science Center, through internal research and commercial programs with government sponsors, contributed to the development of micro-optics technology Teamed with MIT/Lincoln-Lab. During 1992, Rockwell applied micro-optics to the system development of several industrial applications, including, microlenses for silicon focal planes,[2] high speed binary microlens in GaAs,[3] antireflection surfaces in silicon,[4] thin film microlens arrays,[5] beam steering device,[6] microlens integration with focal plane arrays,[7] and optical transformer and collimator.[8] Rockwell Science Center also developed refractive microlens technology, including gray scale photolithography.[9] Diffractive microlenses based on binary optic structures are typically fabricated in bulk material by multiple sequential layers of photoresist patterning and reactive ion etching (RIE), to form a multi-step phase profile. This profile approximates the ideal kinoform lens surface. A special staircase process, called binary optics, is used to fabricate diffractive components.

With so many successes in micro-optics and MEMS, Rockwell researchers who were involved in both MEMS and micro-optics, initiate development of several of innovative photonics ideas combining both technologies. This was behind the acronym of MOEMS, when both MEMS and micro-optics were merged in one single IC processing lab.

MOEMS is a promising multi technology for miniaturization of critical optical systems. The acronym is defined of three high tech fields of micro-optics, micromechanics, and microelectronics. MOEMS indirectly could merge in micromachining, microsensors and microactuators if their processes are compatible with integrated circuits.

Merging all these multi technologies made MOEMS an ideal know-how for many industrial demonstrations of commercial devices, such as optical switches, digital micromirror devices (see DLP), bistable mirrors, laser scanners, optical shutters, and dynamic micromirror displays. All technologies of MOEMS have the potential of batch processing and embossed replication which, again, makes them highly attractive and necessary for commercial applications. MOEMS is an enabling technology for applications that cannot be addressed, using micro-optics alone and is currently playing a significant role in numerous optical applications. The trend toward miniaturization and integration of conventional optical systems will accelerate the adoption of MOEMS technology in commercialization of many industrial components which are today’s most desirable elements of optical communication.

History of MOEMS

During 1991-1993, Dr. M. Edward Motamedi, a former Rockwell International innovator in the areas of both microelectromechanical systems and micro-optics, used internally the acronym of MOEMS for microoptoelectromechanical systems. This was to distinguish between optical MEMS and MOEMS, where optical MEMS could include bulk optics but MOEMS is truly based on microtechnology where MOEMS devices are batch-processed exactly like integrated circuits, but this is not true in most cases for optical MEMS.

In 1993, Dr. Motamedi officially introduced MOEMS for the first time, as the powerful combination of MEMS and micro-optics, in an invited talk at the SPIE Critical Reviews of Optical Science and Technology conference in San Diego. In this talk Dr. Motamedi introduced the figure below, for showing that MOEMS is the interaction of three major microtechnologies; namely micro-optics, micromechanics, and microelectronics.[10]

gollark: Just make your own 4chan.
gollark: Sounds a bit bees.
gollark: https://github.com/cjdelisle/cjdns
gollark: There's already cjdns, which is neat.
gollark: So you'll run mail and stuff *over* some bizarre encrypted network...?

See also

References
  1. M. E. Motamedi, " Acoustic Accelerometers ", IEEE Trans. on Ultrasonic’s, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, Vol. UFFC-34, No. 2, P. 237, March 1988
  2. M.E. Motamedi, et al, “Silicon Microlenses for Enhanced Optical Coupling to Silicon Focal Planes”, Proceedings of SPIE, 1544, pp. 22-32, July 1991
  3. M.E. Motamedi, et al, “High Speed Binary Microlens in GaAs”, Proceedings, SPIE, 1544, pp. 33–44, July 1991.
  4. M.E. Motamedi, et al, “Antireflection surfaces in Silicon Using binary Optic Technology,” Applied Optics, 1 August 1992, Vo., 31, No 22, pp 4371-4376.
  5. M.E. Motamedi, et al, “FPAs and thin film binary optic microlens integration”, SPIE 2687, 70-77, 1996
  6. M. E. Motamedi, et al, “Laser Beam Steering Device” Conference on Binary Optics, Huntsville, AL, NASA publication No. 3227, PP 345-358, 1993.
  7. M.E. Motamedi, et al, “Micro-optics integration with focal plane arrays, ” Optical Eng. vol. 36, No. 5, p.p. 1374-1382, May 1997.
  8. M.E. Motamedi, et al, “Optical transformer and collimator for fiber coupling,” will be published in proceeding of upcoming SPIE conference on "Miniaturized Systems with Micro-optics and Micromechanics II," in San Jose, CA, on February 8–14, 1997. (invited paper)
  9. H.O. Sankur, et al, Fabrication of IR microlens arrays by reactive ion milling,” SPIE Proceeding of Miniature and Micro-optics and Micromechanics, 2687, pp 150-155, 1996
  10. M. E. Motamedi, "Merging Micro-optics with Micromechanics: Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical (MOEM) devices", Critical Reviews of Optical Science and Technology, V. CR49, SPIE Annual Meeting, Proceeding of Diffractive and Miniaturized Optics, page 302-328, July, 1993

Bibliography
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