Melt inclusion

A melt inclusion is a small parcel or "blobs" of melt(s) that is entrapped by crystals growing in magma and eventually forming igneous rocks. In many respects it is analogous to a fluid inclusion.

Multiple melt inclusions in an olivine crystal. Individual inclusions are oval or round in shape and consist of clear glass, together with a small round vapor bubble and in some cases a small square spinel crystal. The black arrow points to one good example, but there are several others. The occurrence of multiple inclusions within a single crystal is relatively common

Characteristics

Melt inclusions are generally small - most are less than 80 micrometres across (a micrometre is one thousandth of a millimeter, or about 0.00004 inches). They may contain a number of different constituents, including glass (which represents melt that has been quenched by rapid cooling), small crystals and a separate vapour-rich bubble. They occur in the crystals that can be found in igneous rocks, such as for example quartz, feldspar, olivine, pyroxene, nepheline, magnetite, perovskite and apatite. Melt inclusions can be found in both volcanic and plutonic rocks. In addition, melt inclusions can contain immiscible (non-miscible) melt phases. Their study is an exceptional way to find direct evidences for presence of two or more melts at entrapment.

Analysis

Although they are small, melt inclusions can provide an abundance of useful information. Using microscopic observations and a range of chemical microanalysis techniques geochemists and igneous petrologists can obtain a range of unique information from melt inclusions. The most common uses of melt inclusions is studying the composition and compositional evolution of magmas existed in the history of specific magma systems. This is because inclusions can act like "fossils" - trapping and preserving these melts before they are modified by later processes. In addition, because they are trapped at high pressures (P) and temperatures (T) many melt inclusions also provide important information about the entrapping conditions (P-T) and their volatile content (such as H2O, CO2, S and Cl) that drive explosive volcanic eruptions.

History

Henry Clifton Sorby, in 1858, was the first to document microscopic melt inclusions in crystals.[1] The study of melt inclusions has been driven more recently by the development of sophisticated chemical analysis techniques. Scientists from the former Soviet Union lead the study of melt inclusions in the decades after World War II,[2] and developed methods for heating melt inclusions under a microscope, so changes could be directly observed.

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See also

References
  1. Sorby, H. C. (1858). "On the microscopic structures of crystals, indicating the origin of minerals and rocks". Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal. 14: 453–500. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1858.014.01-02.44. hdl:2027/hvd.32044103124566.
  2. V. S., Sobolev; Kostyuk, V. P. (1975). "Magmatic crystallization based on a study of melt inclusions". Fluid Inclusion Research. 9: 182–235.

Further reading
  • Frezzotti, Maria-Luce (January 2001). "Silicate-melt inclusions in magmatic rocks: applications to petrology". Lithos. 55 (1–4): 273–299. Bibcode:2001Litho..55..273F. doi:10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00048-7.
  • Lowenstern, J. B. (1995). "Applications of silicate melt inclusions to the study of magmatic volatiles". In Thompson, J.F.H. (ed.). Magmas, Fluid and Ore Deposits. Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course. 23. pp. 71–99.
  • Vivo, B. de; Bodnar, R.J., eds. (2003). Melt Inclusions in Volcanic Systems: Methods, Applications and Problems. Elsevier. ISBN 9780080536101.
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