Melanitis phedima

Melanitis phedima, the dark evening brown,[3][1] is a species of butterfly found flying at dusk. The flight of this species is erratic. They are found in south and southeast Asia.[3][1]

Dark evening brown
M. p. bethami wet-season form
Kerala, India
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Nymphalidae
Genus:
Melanitis
Species:
M. phedima
Binomial name
Melanitis phedima
(Cramer, 1780)
Synonyms
  • Melanitis suyudana Moore, 1857[1]
  • Melanitis bethami de Nicéville, 1887[2]

Description
For a key to the terms used, see Glossary of entomology terms.

Wet-season form: Male. Upperside dusky fuliginous-brown, the outer borders palest; cilia brown. Forewing very slightly angled below the apex; with a well-defined subcostal nearly round ochreous patch before the apex, divided by the brown radial veinlets. Hindwing unmarked. Underside dark purpurescent-brown, densely and uniformly covered with ochreous-cinereous strigse; the outer border ferruginous. Forewing with four ordinary small obscure white-pupilled ocelli. Hindwing with a series of six submarginal prominent ocelli, the upper second minute, the anal geminated, the other four nearly equal and much larger, each pupilled with white. Female. Upperside. Both wings much paler than in the male. Forewing more broadly angled below the apex; with the entire apical area broadly pale ochreous, on which is placed a round black spot with white pupil, situated between the upper and middle median veinlets, also a minute obsolescent ocellus below it and three above it. Hindwing with a small posterior submarginal black spot between the middle aud lower medians, pupilled with white.[2][4]

Underside. Both wings with the ground colour pale purpurescent ochreous, densely covered with darker brown strigte, the basal area and outer borders of the discal fascia slightly washed with pale purpurescent-cinereous; the ocelli as in the male, but rather larger; the outer margins ochreous. Forewing with an obscure ochreous oblique medial and a waved discal narrow fascia, and the hindwing with a medial excurved similar fascia, the two latter somewhat most defined.[4]

Body beneath, and palpi cinereous-ochreous speckled; legs brown; antennge brown, with a pale ochreous tip.[4]

Dry-season form: Male. Upperside much deeper dusky-brown than in the wet-season form, the colour having a purpurescent tint, and the outer borders are thickly speckled with purpurescent-cinereous scales, Forewing with a more acute and prolonged angle below the apex than in male of the wet-season form; the large apical patch being of a rich ochreous and darkest inwardly, the patch extending from within the end of the cell to the cinereous marginal border; the ocelloid spots being obscurely defined. Hindwing unmarked; the tail much prolonged. Underside very densely purpnrescent-brown or purpurescent olive-brown, the cinerescent strigce very irregular and more or less indistinctly disposed and mottled, the basal area darkest, the outer discal washed with cinereous; the ocelloid spots smaller, very ill-defined. Female. Upperside much paler than in the male, with less distinct cinereous margins. Forewing even more acutely angled below the apex than in male; the rich ochreous apical patch occupying about half the wing, extending more or less well into the cell and to the posterior angle, the enclosed ocelloid spots being present as in the female of the wet-season form, or the two ordinary-disposed subapical black spots are developed, but both well-separated, more or less elongated, and with a distinct white pupil. Eindioing with one, or two, posterior submarginal white dots.[4]

Underside. Both wings dusky ochreous, with uniformly-disposed dark brown striga3, which are sometimes more or less irregularly blotched; the submarginal ocelloid spots also blotched.[4]


Food plants

Ischaemum semisagittatum and a variety of grasses of the genera Andropogon, Cymbopogon, Pennisetum, Setaria, Oplismenus compositus, and Bambusa arundinacea.[5]

gollark: We could put fluxducts on poles or something.
gollark: Not really.
gollark: I was thinking about designing tunnels which we can also run rails and, say, water lines in.
gollark: And unrealistically autoregulating generators.
gollark: For peak load, at least, we can use unrealistically dense buffers.

References
  1. Savela, Markku. "Melanitis phedima (Cramer, [1780])". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
  2. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a work now in the public domain: Bingham, Charles Thomas (1905). Fauna of British India. Butterflies Vol. 1. p. 162.
  3. Varshney, R.K.; Smetacek, Peter (2015). A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India. New Delhi: Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi. pp. 162–163. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164. ISBN 978-81-929826-4-9.
  4. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a work now in the public domain: Moore, Frederic (1893–1896). Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. II. London: Lovell Reeve and Co. pp. 127–128.CS1 maint: date format (link)
  5. Kunte, K. (2006). Additions to known larval host plants of Indian butterflies. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 103(1):119-120.
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