Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves

Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves (1393 – 30 October 1466) was the second child of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria,[1] and an elder sister of Philip the Good.[2] Born in Dijon, she became the second wife of Adolph, Count of Mark in May 1406. He was made the 1st Duke of Cleves in 1417. They were the grandparents of King Louis XII of France and the great-grandparents of John III, Duke of Cleves, father of Anne of Cleves, who was fourth Queen consort of Henry VIII of England. By their daughter, Catherine, they were ancestors of Mary, Queen of Scots.

For other people named Mary of Burgundy, see Mary of Burgundy (disambiguation).

Mary of Burgundy
Duchess of Cleves, Countess of Mark
Born	1393 Dijon, France
Died	30 October 1466 (aged 72–73) Monterberg Castle, Kalkar, Cleves
Spouse	Adolph I, Duke of Cleves
Issue	Margaret, Duchess of Bavaria, Countess of Württemberg Catherine, Duchess of Guelders John I, Duke of Cleves Elisabeth of Cleves Agnes, Queen of Navarre Helen, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg Adolph of Cleves, Lord of Ravenstein Marie, Duchess of Orléans
House	Valois-Burgundy
Father	John the Fearless
Mother	Margaret of Bavaria
Religion	Roman Catholicism

The Duke and Duchess of Cleves lived at Wijnendale Castle in West Flanders. She died in Cleves in present-day Monterberg, Kalkar.

Issue

• Margaret (23 February 1416 – 20 May 1444), married first William III, Duke of Bavaria on 11 May 1433, second Ulrich V, Count of Württemberg on 29 January 1441
• Catherine of Cleves (25 May 1417 – 10 February 1479); married on 23 July 1423 Arnold, Duke of Guelders, mother of Mary of Guelders, Queen consort of Scotland
• John I, Duke of Cleves (1419–1481); married on 22 April 1455 Elizabeth of Nevers
• Elisabeth of Cleves (1420–1488); married on 15 July 1434 Henry XXVI of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg (1418–1488)
• Agnes of Cleves (1422–1446); married on 30 September 1439 Charles IV, King of Navarre
• Helen of Cleves (1423–1471); married on 12 February 1436 Henry "the Peaceful", Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (c. 1411–1473)
• Adolph of Cleves, Lord of Ravenstein (1425–1492); married on 13 May 1453 Beatrice of Portugal (1435–1462), daughter of Peter, Duke of Coimbra
• Marie of Cleves (1426–1487); married on 27 November 1440 Charles, Duke of Orléans. Mother of Louis XII, King of France

Influence

At the death of Adolph of Cleves in 1448, his son John I of Cleves succeeded him. Mary retired to Monterberg Castle, near Kalkar. Returning from a trip to the Middle East in 1449, John visited the Benedictine monastery of Bologna and decided with his mother to found a similar monastery in Kalkar, which would be built to house a dozen monks[3]. Construction began in 1453 and was complete by 1457[4]. The buildings housed numerous works of art and a large library. After secularization in 1802, the church and most of the buildings were demolished, works of art spread throughout the surrounding churches, notably in the Church of St. Nicholas in Kalkar. From the monastery only a part of a wall remains.

The city was driven by development of the wool weaving industry. The wealthy bourgeois and the presence of the nobility in the person of Mary attracted artists, solicited for their works in oils and clay. The Kalkar church, completed in 1450, and the monastery, were the subject of many decorations. The city became, until the early sixteenth century, the center of a school of sculpture including Heinrich Douvermann. Further, scientists like Konrad Heresbach, counselor of the Dukes of Cleves, humanist, lawyer, educator and farmer, periodically resided in Kalkar. This flourishing period ended in the mid-sixteenth century, when, after the fall of weaving activities, epidemics of plague decimated the population.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves[5]

16. Philip VI of France 8. John II of France 17. Joan of Burgundy 4. Philip the Bold 18. John of Bohemia 9. Bonne of Bohemia 19. Elizabeth of Bohemia 2. John the Fearless 20. Louis I of Flanders 10. Louis II of Flanders 21. Margaret I of Burgundy 5. Margaret III, Countess of Flanders 22. John III of Brabant 11. Margaret of Brabant 23. Marie of Évreux 1. Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves 24. Louis II of Bavaria 12. Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor 25. Matilda of Habsburg 6. Albert I, Duke of Bavaria 26. William I, Count of Hainaut 13. Margaret, Countess of Hainaut 27. Joan of Valois 3. Margaret of Bavaria 28. Bolesław III the Generous 14. Ludwik I the Fair 29. Margaret of Bohemia 7. Margaret of Brieg 30. Henry IV the Faithful 15. Agnes of Glogau 31. Matilde of Brandenburg

References

1. Janet Backhouse (1997). The illuminated page: ten centuries of manuscript painting in the British Library. p. 166.
2. Aline S. Taylor (2002). Isabel of Burgundy. p. 64.
3. « Dominikaner in Kalkar » sur kirchesite.de.
4. « Die Dominikaner in Kalkar » Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine sur le site KLE-point.
5. de Sousa, Antonio Caetano (1735). Historia genealogica da casa real portugueza (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Lisboa Occidental. p. 147.

Further reading

• Early Netherlandish painting: its origins and character, Volume 2, Erwin Panofsky, 1971