Martin J. Blaser

Martin J. Blaser (born 1948) [1] is the director of the Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine (CABM) at Rutgers (NJ) Biomedical and Health Sciences (RBHS) and the Henry Rutgers Chair of the Human Microbiome and professor of medicine and microbiology at the Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in New Jersey.[2]

Martin J. Blaser, MD, in his lab with Xuesong Zhang, PhD. Photo by Carl Glenn

In 2013, Blaser was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is an established researcher in microbiology and infectious diseases. Blaser's work has focused on Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter species, Salmonella, Bacillus anthracis, and on the human microbiome.[3][4]

Education, early work, recent service

Blaser obtained his undergraduate education from the University of Pennsylvania in 1969, graduated from the New York University School of Medicine in 1973, and did his post-graduate training at the University of Colorado School of Medicine from 1973 to 1979.[5]

Blaser has, since 2013, been married to fellow microbiome researcher and colleague Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello.[6][7] Two prior marriages,[8] first to the artist Susan J. Walp and later to the writer and editor Ronna Wineberg ended in divorce.

Blaser was an Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 1979 to 1981.[9]

In 1998, Blaser established the Foundation for Bacteria, which started the Virtual Museum of Bacteria.[10]

Blaser was elected the President of the Infectious Diseases Society of America in 2006 for a one-year term.[11] He has served the National Institutes of Health on the Board of Scientific Counselors of the National Cancer Institute (2005–2010; Chair 2009–2010), and on the Advisory Board for Clinical Research (2009–2013; Chair 2012-2013). In 2011, he was elected into the National Academy of Medicine (formerly Institute of Medicine), in recognition of professional achievement and commitment to service in medicine and health.[9]

In 2014, he was the Kinyoun Lecturer at the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at NIH, and received the Alexander Fleming Award for lifetime achievement from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. He received the Cura Personalis award from Georgetown University in 2015. His scientific papers have been cited more than 120,000 times (Google Scholar).

In 2015, he was selected to be in the TIME 100 Most Influential People in the world,[12] He served on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) of the National Institutes of Health from 2015-2019. He was appointed as the Chair of the President's Advisory Council on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (PACCARB) for a term from 2015–2022.

Blaser sits on scientific advisory boards for Elysium Health,[13][14] Procter & Gamble, Dupont, and several biotechnology start-up companies. In June 2018, Blaser joined the Scientific Advisory Board of the newly founded Seed.[15] He is a senior advisor to the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) and a Puretech Health company Collaborator.[16] In 2019 he received the Robert-Koch-Medal in Gold, and the Karl August Mobius Fellowship from Kiel Life Sciences.[17]

Research

Blaser is best known[18] for his studies of Helicobacter pylori and its relationship with human diseases.[19][20] His work helped establish the role of H. pylori in the causation of gastric cancer, the second leading cause of cancer death in the world.[21] Studies of the diversity of H. pylori lead him to identify the CagA protein and its gene in 1989, which broadened understanding of H. pylori interactions with humans.[22] His team found that cagA+ strains induced enhanced host responses, development of atrophic gastritis, gastric cancer, and peptic ulcer disease, compared to cagA− strains, and that cagA+ strains signal human gastric cells differently from cagA− strains, and affect gastric physiology in markedly different ways than in the absence of H. pylori.[20] This work led to a general model for the persistence of co-evolved organisms, based on the presence of a Nash equilibrium,[23] and also for the relationship of persisting microbes to cancer,[24] and age-related mortality.[25]

Beginning in 1996, he hypothesized that H. pylori strains might have benefit to humans as well as costs.[26] Despite considerable and ongoing skepticism by the community of H. pylori investigators, Blaser and his colleagues progressively developed a body of research that provided evidence that gastric colonization by this organism provided protection against the esophageal diseases of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), Barrett's esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma, work that has been confirmed by independent investigators.[27] His work has suggested a benefit of H. pylori against such early life illnesses as childhood diarrhea and asthma. This work is consistent with the hypothesis that H. pylori is an ancient, universal inhabitant of the human stomach[28] that has been disappearing as a result of 20th century changes in socio-economic status, including the use of antibiotics and that this loss has health consequences, not only good (less gastric cancer), but bad as well.

In 1998, Blaser created the term acagia, to indicate a susceptibility for esophageal diseases in persons not carrying cagA+ H. pylori strains. Since then, acagia has come to reflect the rise in other diseases associated with the loss of cagA+ H. pylori, and may become a metaphor for the disappearance of members of the human microbiome that have symbiotic roles.[24][27] In 2009, with Stanley Falkow, he hypothesized that human microecology is rapidly changing with potentially substantial consequences.[29] He envisioned a step-wise (generational) change to explain the epidemic rise of such diseases as childhood-onset asthma and obesity. Blaser has proposed that greater understanding of our indigenous (and sometimes disappearing) microbiota can lead to improvements in human health.[30]

He has proposed that the routine use (and overuse) of antibiotics in young children may be causing collateral damage, with extinctions of our ancient microbiota at critical stages of early life.[31] This scenario may be contributing to the risk of epidemic metabolic, immunologic, and developmental disorders.[31] Studies in mice have contributed strong support to these hypotheses.,[32][33][34] and on-going work in children with reference to many diseases,[35] asthma,[36][37][38] show the importance of early life microbiome perturbation in increasing risk.[39] Recent studies provided evidence that the effects of antibiotic perturbation on the microbiota can be transmitted via the mother to the next generation, affecting both intestinal micro-ecology and disease manifestations.[40][41]

Missing Microbes

Blaser is the author of a book for general audiences, Missing Microbes: How the Overuse of Antibiotics Is Fueling Our Modern Plagues, about the degradation of internal microbial ecosystems of humans as a result of modern medical practices. Professional science writer Sandra Blakeslee helped write Missing Microbes[42], which was published by Henry Holt and Co. in April 2014, and has been translated into 20 languages.[43][44][45][46] The book was a finalist for the 2015 LA Times Book Prize in Science, and won the National Library of China's 2017 Wenjin Book Award. Under the leadership of his wife, Maria Gloria Dominguez Bello, a group of scientists have formed the Microbiota Vault, Inc. (www.microbiotavault.org ), a not-for-profit non-governmental organization (NGO) public charity in the United States; Blaser serves as a member of the Board of Directors and an officer of the Foundation. Modeled after the Seed Vault in Svalbard, Norway, the Microbiota Vault has the purpose of creating a repository for the preservation of the human microbiota for future generations before it disappears, and fostering research and education about the human microbiota in developing countries.

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References
  1. http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/diglib/sc_diglib/archColl/280.html/
  2. "Rutgers Names New Director for Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine". Rutgers Today. 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-23.
  3. "NYU Faculty Bibliography, 2000-: Martin Jack Blaser". NYU Health Sciences Libraries. Retrieved 2017-09-22.
  4. NYU Blaser Lab Website
  5. Blaser, MJ; Berkowitz, ID; LaForce, FM; Cravens, J; Reller, LB; Wang (1979). "Clinical and epidemiologic features". Annals of Internal Medicine. 91: 179–185. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-91-2-179.
  6. Pollan, Michael (2013-05-15). "Some of My Best Friends Are Germs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
  7. "Rutgers Love Stories: Groundbreaking Researchers of the Microbiome Have Great Chemistry". www.rutgers.edu. February 12, 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
  8. "Martin Blaser, Medical Student, Marries Miss Susan J. Walp". The New York Times. 1972-07-10. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
  9. CDC Website https://www.cdc.gov/
  10. http://www.bacteriamuseum.org/index.php/about-this-museum/martin-blaser-founder
  11. "IDSA Presidents". www.idsociety.org. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
  12. http://time.com/3822950/martin-blaser-2015-time-100/
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  14. "Scientific Advisory Board - Martin J. Blaser, PhD". Elysium Health. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  15. "We : Seed". seed.com. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  16. "Collaborators". puretechhealth.com. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  17. Robert-Koch-Medal 2019
  18. "The twists and turns of fate", The Economist. http://www.economist.com/node/11959214. "Germs are Us. Bacteria makes us sick. Do they also keep us alive?" The New Yorker by Michael Specter. October 22, 2012. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/10/22/121022fa_fact_specter?currentPage=all
  19. Blaser MJ. "The bacteria behind ulcers. Scientific American February, 1996; 274:104–109.
  20. Atherton, JC; Blaser, MJ (2009). "Co-adaptation of Helicobacter pylori and humans: ancient history, modern implications". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 119: 2475–87. doi:10.1172/jci38605.
  21. Nomura, A; Stemmerman, GN; Chyou, P-H; Kato, I; Pérez-Pérez, GI; Blaser, MJ (1991). "Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma in a population of Japanese-Americans in Hawaii". New England Journal of Medicine. 325: 1132–1136. doi:10.1056/nejm199110173251604.
  22. Blaser, MJ; Pérez-Pérez, GI; Kleanthous, H; Cover, TL; Peek, RM; Chyou, PH; Stemmermann, GN; Nomura, A (1995). "Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains possessing cagA associated with an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the stomach". Cancer Research. 55: 2111–2115.
  23. Blaser, MJ; Kirschner, D (2007). "The equilibria that permit bacterial persistence in human hosts". Nature. 449: 843–849. doi:10.1038/nature06198. hdl:2027.42/62883.
  24. Blaser MJ. Understanding microbe-induced cancers. Cancer Prevention Research 2008; 1:15–20.
  25. Blaser, MJ; Webb, GF (2014). "Host demise as a beneficial function of indigenous microbiota in human hosts". mBio. 5: 1–9. doi:10.1128/mBio.02262-14.
  26. Blaser MJ. "An endangered species in the stomach. Scientific American, February 2005; 292:38–45.
  27. Blaser, MJ (2008). "Disappearing microbiota: Helicobacter pylori protection against esophageal adenocarcinoma". Cancer Prevention Research. 1: 308–311. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0170.
  28. Blaser, MJ (2006). "Who are we? Indigenous microbes and the ecology of human diseases". EMBO Reports. 7: 956–960. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400812. PMC 1618379. PMID 17016449.
  29. Blaser, MJ; Falkow, S (2009). "What are the consequences of the disappearing human microbiota?". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 7: 887–894. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2245.
  30. Blaser, MJ (2010). "Harnessing the power of the human microbiome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 107: 6125–6126. doi:10.1073/pnas.1002112107.
  31. Blaser (2011). "Stop the killing of beneficial bacteria". Nature. 476: 393–394. doi:10.1038/476393a. PMID 21866137.
  32. Cho, I; Yamanishi, S; Cox, L; Methé, BA; Zavadil, J; Li, K; Gao, Z; Mahana, D; Raju, K; Teitler, I; Li, H; Alekseyenko, AV; Blaser, MJ (2012). "Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity". Nature. 488: 621–6. doi:10.1038/nature11400. PMC 3553221. PMID 22914093.
  33. Cox, LM; et al. (Aug 2014). "Altering the intestinal microbiota during a critical developmental window has lasting metabolic consequences". Cell. 158 (4): 705–21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.052. PMC 4134513. PMID 25126780.
  34. Nobel, Y; et al. (2015). "Metabolic and metagenomic outcomes from early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment". Nature Communications. 6: 7486. doi:10.1038/ncomms8486.
  35. Trasande, L; Blustein, J; Liu, M; Corwin, E; Cox, LM; Blaser, MJ (2013). "Infant antibiotic exposures and early life body mass". International Journal of Obesity. 37: 16–23. doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.132. PMC 3798029. PMID 22907693.
  36. Arrieta, M-C; et al. (2015). "Early infancy microbial and metabolic alterations affect risk of childhood asthma". Science Translational Medicine. 7: 307ra152. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aab2271. PMID 26424567.
  37. Stokholm, Jakob; Blaser, Martin J.; Thorsen, Jonathan; Rasmussen, Morten A.; Waage, Johannes; Vinding, Rebecca K.; Schoos, Ann-Marie M.; Kunøe, Asja; Fink, Nadia R.; Chawes, Bo L.; Bønnelykke, Klaus (December 2018). "Maturation of the gut microbiome and risk of asthma in childhood". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 141. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02573-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5762761. PMID 29321519.
  38. Borbet, Timothy C.; Zhang, Xiaozhou; Müller, Anne; Blaser, Martin J. (December 2019). "The role of the changing human microbiome in the asthma pandemic". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 144 (6): 1457–1466. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.10.022. PMC 6905199. PMID 31812180.
  39. Dominguez-Bello MG, Blaser MJ. "Asthma: Undoing millions of years of co-evolution in early life? Science Translational Medicine 2015; 7:307fs39.
  40. Schulfer, Anjelique F.; Battaglia, Thomas; Alvarez, Yelina; Bijnens, Luc; Ruiz, Victoria E.; Ho, Melody; Robinson, Serina; Ward, Tonya; Cox, Laura M. (2017-11-27). "Intergenerational transfer of antibiotic-perturbed microbiota enhances colitis in susceptible mice". Nature Microbiology. 3 (2): 234–242. doi:10.1038/s41564-017-0075-5. ISSN 2058-5276. PMC 5780248. PMID 29180726.
  41. Blaser, Martin J. (March 2018). "The Past and Future Biology of the Human Microbiome in an Age of Extinctions". Cell. 172 (6): 1173–1177. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.040. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 29522739.
  42. "Sandra Blakeslee : Science Writer". www.sandrablakeslee.com. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
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  46. "Personal Health: We Are Our Bacteria". By Jane Brody, Well Blog, New York Times, July 14, 2014 http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/14/we-are-our-bacteria/
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