Mark Sittich von Hohenems Altemps

Mark Sittich von Hohenems Altemps (1533–1595) was a German Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. The addition of Altemps to the family name reflects Alt-Ems (or Alt-Embs) itself deriving from "Alta Embs" (Latin for "altus" = high), like the modern name Hohenems (High Ems in German).

Not to be confused with his nephew Mark Sittich von Hohenems (1574–1619), Archbishop of Salzburg 1612–19.
Mark Sittich von Hohenems by Anton Boys


Early years, 1533-60

Mark Sittich von Hohenems was born in Hohenems in 1533, the son of Wolf Ludwig von Hohenems and Chiara de' Medici (daughter of Bernardino de'Medici and Cecilia Serbelloni), a distant relative (or none at all) of the Florentine House of Medici.[1][2] His mother was the sister of Giovanni Angelo Medici (Pope Pius IV). Her sister, Margherita, married Gilberto Borromeo, Conte d' Arona. He was the cousin of Cardinals Giovanni Antonio Serbelloni and Charles Borromeo.[1] He was the uncle of Wolf Dietrich Raitenau (Wolfgang Theoderic) [3] and Mark Sittich von Hohenems,[4] who were both Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, in 1587-1612 and 1612–1619 respectively.

Coat of arms of Cardinal Mark Sittich von Hohenems.

Nothing is known of any formal education he might have received. As a young man, he fought in the Italian War of 1551–1559 under the command of his uncle Giangiacopo de' Medici, one of the last of the Renaissance condottieri.[1] He also fought against the Ottoman Empire.[1] In 1552 he participated in Charles V's efforts to win Metz back from France, and in 1554/55 he was present at the siege of Siena and repulsed an Ottoman attack on the Tuscan port of Piombino. He became a Knight of the Order of Santiago.[1] He had a natural son, Roberto, whom he later legitimized. [1] [5]

Bishop, 1560-61

His uncle Giovanni Angelo Medici was elevated to the papacy on 26 December 1559,[6] taking the name Pius IV. He proved generous in providing benefices for his Italian and German nephews. On March 23, 1560, Mark Sittich von Hohenems became a cleric in the Apostolic Camera.[1] He was appointed Bishop of Cassano by his papal uncle on May 29, 1560,[7] and was named Administrator of the diocese until he reached the canonical age for consecration as a bishop.[8] He was consecrated by his cousin Charles Borromeo not earlier than 1564 and no later than February 1566.[1] He resigned the government of the Diocese of Cassano on May 11, 1561, at the request of his uncle, who had named him a Cardinal and who had a more important See for him.[1] In order to ensure that the Council of Trent resumed as the Pope wished, by Easter of 1562, he served as papal legate to Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand, King of the Romans to persuade them to lend their assistance both for the reopening of the Council and for the attendance of as many bishops as possible.[1]

Cardinal, 1561-95
Allegory of the Council of Trent in Hohenems. Cardinal Hohenems is the first on the left; his cousin Charles Borromeo is on the right.

His uncle Pope Pius IV made him a cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 26, 1561.[1] He received the red hat and the titular church of Santi Apostoli (as a deaconry pro illa vice, that is to say, that on this one occasion, by special papal order, the Basilica of the XII Apostles, which ordinarily belonged to a cardinal priest, was to be considered a deaconry so that Cardinal Altemps, a deacon, could hold it) on March 10, 1561.[1] It was because he had been created a cardinal in the See of Rome that he resigned the See of Cassano.

The cathedral chapter of Konstanz Minster elected him to be Bishop of Konstanz, and he was preconized as bishop by Pius IV on October 24, 1561.[1] The pope subsequently made him perpetual legate in Avignon.[1] He also became archpriest of the Lateran Basilica, now called the Papal Archbasilica of St. John Lateran.[1] [9] On November 10, 1561, he was appointed legate to the Council of Trent, and on December 27, 1561, governor of Fermo.[1]

He opted for the order of cardinal priests on July 30, 1563, keeping Santi Apostoli as his titular church and dropping the temporary designation as a Deaconry.[1] He was subsequently appointed governor of Norcia and Monte Leonis on October 3, 1564; as legate in Marche on November 1, 1564; and as governor of Ascoli Piceno on November 3, 1564.[1] In 1566, he served as papal legate to the Diet of Augsburg.[1] On May 15, 1565, he opted for the deaconry of San Giorgio in Velabro, raised pro illa vice to the status of a titular church.[1] On August 18, 1565, he became governor of Ancona and on November 11, 1565, governor for life of Stroncone, Umbria.[1] He was the governor of Capranica, Lazio from 1565 to 1568.[1] In each case, others governed on his behalf, though he collected a considerable part of the income of the offices.

He was a participant in the papal conclave of 1565-66 that elected Pope Pius V.[1] [10] In February 1566, he received leave to depart from Rome to Konstanz.[1] In Konstanz he conducted a diocesan Synod in September. In 1577 he authorized the publication of the Catechism of Pius V in his diocese.[11] He was also eager to introduce the Jesuits into the Diocese of Konstanz, and corresponded with the Jesuit General Alfonso Borgia on the subject, though the project was long in bearing fruit.[12] He returned to Rome to participate in the papal conclave of 1572 that elected Pope Gregory XIII.[13]

In 1568, Marco Sittico bought a property in Rome that he immediately set about rebuilding as the Palazzo Altemps, to designs by Martino Longhi the Elder; he also built the Villa Mondragone at Frascati. He assembled a formidable collection of Roman antiquities and sculptures.

He opted for the titular church of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri on October 3, 1577; for the titular church of San Pietro in Vincoli on October 3, 1578; for San Clemente on August 17, 1579; and for Santa Maria in Trastevere on December 5, 1580.[1]

He participated in the papal conclave of 1585 that elected Pope Sixtus V.[14] Sometime before July 31, 1589, he resigned the government of the Diocese of Konstanz.[1] Because of illness, he resigned as legate in Avignon on June 4, 1590.[1] He subsequently participated in the papal conclave of September 1590 that elected Pope Urban VII; the papal conclave of October–December 1590 that elected Pope Gregory XIV; the papal conclave of 1591 that elected Pope Innocent IX; and the papal conclave of 1592 that elected Pope Clement VIII.[1] In November 1592, he became legate in Viterbo.[1]

Death and legacy

The powerful cardinal died in Rome on February 15, 1595.[1] He was buried in Santa Maria in Trastevere.[1]

He had guided the education and early career of his nephew, Mark Sittich von Hohenems (Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg) (1574–1619). However, Lutheranism spread through his home area, under the patronage of the Counts of Hohenems, and the area was devastated by the Thirty Years' War and plague. His illegitimate son Roberto was made Duke of Gallese, took the family name of Altemps, and married Cornelia Orsini.[15]

gollark: I think that's a software encoder, yes.
gollark: Hey, maybe it's killing the GPU somehow if it has one.
gollark: Well, you would hope so, yes.
gollark: Maybe ffmpeg uses specific instructions which cause problems?
gollark: Although to make it work properly I might need some tricky NLP stuff.

References
  1. Miranda, Salvador. "HOHENEMS, Mark Sittich von (1533-1595)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. OCLC 53276621.
  2. George L. Williams, Papal Genealogy: The Families And Descendants Of The Popes (Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland, 2004), p. 75
  3. Judas Thaddeus Zauner, Neue Chronik von Salzburg Part VII (Salzburg 1813), 1-247. G. Gulik and C. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica III edition altera (curavit L. Schmitz-Kallenberg) (Monsterii 1923) p. 291.
  4. Judas Thaddeus Zauner, Neue Chronik von Salzburg Part VIII (Salzburg 1816), 1-104. P. Gauchet, Hierarchia catholica IV (Monasterii 1935), p. 302.
  5. A Genoese woman, according to Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie de' Cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa V (Roma 1793), p. 41. From him and Cornelia Orsini (married 1576) descend the Barons of Hohenems and Dukes of Gallese. Cornelia Orsini was the daughter of Virginio Orsini, first Duke of San Gemini and Giovanna Caetani, daughter of Bonifacio, fourth Duke of Sermoneta.
  6. Sede Vacante and Conclave of August 18--December 25, 1559 (J. P. Adams)
  7. G. Gulik and C. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica III edition altera (curavit L. Schmitz-Kallenberg) (Monsterii 1923) p. 156 and n. 9,
  8. The diocese was provided with a vicar in spiritualibus, Benedetto Salini, Bishop of Veroli, on July 3, 1560: Gulik-Eubel p. 156 n. 9, and 331.
  9. Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie de' Cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa V (Roma 1793), p. 41, believes that Marcus Altemps was also made Major Penitentiary; this is an error. It was Carlo Borromeo, his cousin, who was made Major Penitentiary (1565-1572).
  10. Sede Vacante and Conclave of 9 December 1565--7 January 1566 (J. P. Adams)
  11. Catechismvs Ex Decreto Concilii Tridentini, Ad Parochos: Ante Qvidem Pii V. Pont. Max. iussu conscriptus, nunc autem in IIII. libros, certaq[ue] capita distributes... mandato et authoritate ... Domini Marci Sitici S.R.E. Cardinalis et Episcopi Costantiensis.... (Ingolstadt: Sartorius 1577).
  12. Bernhard Duhr, Geschichte der Jesuiten in den Ländern deutscher Zunge im XVI. Jahrhundert (Freiburg I. B.: Herder 1907), p. 407.
  13. Sede Vacante and Conclave of 1 May to 14 May, 1572 (J. P. Adams)
  14. Sede Vacante and Conclave of 1 May to 14 May, 1585 (J. P. Adams)
  15. George L. Williams, Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of The Popes 2004: Appendix B: Papal Dynasties, p. 220

Sources
  • Simonetta Scherling, Markus Sittikus III. (1533-1595): vom deutschen Landsknecht zum römischen Kardinal (Konstanz: UVK, Universitätsverlag Konstanz, 2000) [Forschungen zur Geschichte Voralbergs, 4].

 


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