Mark Kellogg (reporter)

Mark Kellogg (March 31, 1831 – June 25, 1876) was a newspaper reporter killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Kellogg rode with George Armstrong Custer during the battle. His dispatches were the only press coverage of Custer and his men in the days leading up to the battle. As a newspaper stringer whose reports were picked up around the country, Kellogg is considered the first Associated Press correspondent to die in the line of duty.[1]

Mark Kellogg
Date and photographer unknown.
Born	Marcus Henry Kellogg (1831-03-31)March 31, 1831 Brighton, Ontario, Canada
Died	June 25, 1876(1876-06-25) (aged 45) Near the Little Bighorn River in the eastern Montana Territory
Nationality	American
Occupation	Newspaper reporter

Life

Born Marcus Henry Kellogg on March 31, 1831, in Brighton, Ontario, Canada, Kellogg was the third of ten children. Kellogg's family moved a number of times in his youth before they eventually settled in La Crosse, Wisconsin.[2] While there Kellogg learned to operate a telegraph and went to work for both the Northwestern Telegraph Company and the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company.

He married Martha J. Robinson in 1861 and they had two daughters. During the years of the American Civil War, Kellogg became the assistant editor for the La Crosse Democrat newspaper. He also unsuccessfully ran for the office of city clerk in 1867 and played shortstop on one of the town's baseball teams.[3]

In 1867 Kellogg's wife died.[4] Leaving his daughters to be raised by an aunt,[5] Kellogg began drifting around the upper Midwest, working as a reporter and editorial assistant in places such as Council Bluffs, Iowa, and Brainerd, Minnesota. While living in Brainerd he ran for election to the Minnesota Legislature, but was defeated. He also worked as a string correspondent for the St. Paul Dispatch, with his articles often published under the pen name of "Frontier."[6]

In the early 1870s, he moved to Bismarck, North Dakota, where in 1873 he helped editor Clement A. Lounsberry found The Bismarck Tribune. Even though Kellogg was only an editorial assistant for the paper, he substituted for Lounsberry as editor of the Tribune's second, third and fourth issues.[7]

Battle of the Little Bighorn

Further information: Battle of the Little Bighorn

When Lounsberry learned that a military column (including the 7th U.S. Cavalry Regiment commanded by Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer) would soon leave Fort Abraham Lincoln for the Montana Territory, he agreed to accompany Custer and provide news coverage. However, at the last minute Lounsberry's wife fell ill, so the editor asked Kellogg to take his place.[2] Lounsberry expected Kellogg would cover nothing more than a sensational military victory.[8]

Kellogg sent three dispatches back to Lounsberry, the last one four days before the battle when they were near the mouth of the Rosebud River. His last dispatch read, "By the time this reaches you we would have met and fought the red devils, with what result remains to be seen. I go with Custer and will be at the death."[9][10] Kellogg was not predicting his own death or Custer's defeat;[8] instead, "at the death" is a phrase borrowed from fox hunting meaning "present at the kill" (viz., of the pursued).[11]

Four days after that dispatch, the Battle of the Little Bighorn was fought, resulting in the deaths of Custer and the 208 soldiers, scouts, and civilians riding with him, including Kellogg.

Aftermath

Colonel John Gibbon, whose men arrived at the battle on Tuesday, June 27, and also helped bury the dead, said he found Kellogg's body in a ravine where a number of men from Company E died.[2] Kellogg's body was scalped and missing an ear; he was identified by the boots he wore.[12]

When Clement Lounsberry learned of the defeat of Custer's force and Kellogg's death, he "worked tirelessly throughout the night" to produce a special edition of The Bismarck Tribune.[13] Published on July 6, 1876, the article was the battle's first full account. Lounsberry also telegraphed the news, including Kellogg's correspondence, to a number of eastern newspapers, including the New York Herald. Two letters written by Kellogg were published posthumously by the Herald on July 11, 1876.[14]

As a newspaper stringer whose reports were picked up around the country, Kellogg is considered the first Associated Press correspondent to die in the line of duty.[1]

Some of Kellogg's diary and notes survived the battle and these, along with his news accounts, are one of the primary historical sources for information on the days preceding the battle. His notes are now in the possession of the State Historical Society of North Dakota.[2] His satchel, pencil, and eyeglasses are on display in the Newseum in Washington, DC.[15]

See also

• Battle of the Little Bighorn
• George Armstrong Custer
• Sitting Bull
• Crazy Horse
• American Indian Wars
• List of journalists killed in the United States

Notes

1. Associated Press history archives Archived 2011-07-29 at the Wayback Machine, accessed Feb. 10, 2007.
2. The Custer Companion: A Comprehensive Guide to the Life of George Armstrong Custer and the Plains by Thom Hatch, Stackpole Books, 2002, pages 203-204.
3. I Go With Custer: The Life & Death of Reporter Mark Kellogg by Mark Kellogg, AST Press, 1996, page 30.
4. The Mark Kellogg Historical Plaque, Oak Grove Cemetery, La Crosse, Wisconsin, walking tour of Oak Grove Cemetery, accessed Nov. 11, 2008.
5. 'La Crosse scribe victim of Custer's Last Charge', Milwaukee Sentinel, August 21, 1921, The Wisconsin State Historical Society
6. I Go With Custer: The Life & Death of Reporter Mark Kellogg by Mark Kellogg, AST Press, 1996, page 56.
7. Clement A. Lounsberry Colonel, United States Army, Arlington National Cemetery website, accessed Feb. 10, 2007
8. I Go With Custer: The Life & Death of Reporter Mark Kellogg by Mark Kellogg, AST Press, 1996.
9. Marlane A. Liddell. "The AP Looks Back: 150 Years of Capturing the Moment". Smithsonian Magazine, May 1998.
10. John Connolly. "150th Anniversary of the AP". Archived 2006-11-07 at the Wayback Machine The Irish Times, September 1998. Accessed February 10, 2007.
11. "Entry for death, sense 15". Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary. dictionary.com. 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-12. Fox Hunting. present at the kill.
12. Little Bighorn: Custer and the Battle of the Little Bighorn Archived 2008-07-20 at the Wayback Machine, From Wyoming Tales and Trails, The Aftermath, Tom Custer, Rain-in-the-Face, accessed Nov. 11, 2008.
13. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/calounsberry.htm Clement A. Lounsberry Colonel, United States Army, Arlington National Cemetery website, accessed Feb. 10, 2007.
14. "Mark Kellogg's Prequil to the Battle: A reporter's account of riding with Custer into the Battle of the Little Bighorn," The New York Herald, July 11, 1876. Accessed February 10, 2007.
15. Shafer, Jack (Feb 7, 2008). "Down With the Newseum! We don't need a gilded home for 6,214 journalism artifacts". Slate.com. Retrieved June 25, 2011.

Further reading

• Barnard, Sandy. I Go With Custer: The Life & Death of Reporter Mark Kellogg. Bismarck, ND: Bismarck Tribune Publishing Co., 1996. Includes a reprint of Kellogg's diary.
• Hixon, John C. "Custer's 'Mysterious Mr. Kellogg' and the Diary of Mark Kellogg". North Dakota History, vol. 17, no.3 (1950).
• Kellogg, Mark. "Notes on the Little Big Horn Expedition Under General Custer, 1876" in Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana, vol. 9. Helena, Mont.: Rocky Mountain Pub. Co., 1923.
• Knight, Oliver. "Mark Kellogg Telegraphed for Custer’s Rescue". North Dakota Historical Society Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 2 (Spring 1960).
• Saum, Lewis O. "Colonel Custer's Copperhead: The Mysterious Mark Kellogg". Montana: The Magazine of Western History, vol. 28, no. 4 (Autumn 1978).
• Watson, Elmo Scott. "The 'Custer Campaign Diary' of Mark Kellogg" in The Westerners Brand Book 1945-46. Chicago: The Westerners, 1947.