Marinus van der Lubbe

Marinus van der Lubbe (13 January 1909 – 10 January 1934) was a Dutch Communist tried, convicted and executed for setting fire to the German Reichstag building on 27 February 1933, an event known as the Reichstag fire.

Marinus van der Lubbe
Marinus van der Lubbe
Born(1909-01-13)13 January 1909
Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands
Died10 January 1934(1934-01-10) (aged 24)
Leipzig, Nazi Germany

Early life

Marinus van der Lubbe was born in Leiden in the province of South Holland. His parents were divorced, and after his mother died when he was twelve years old, he went to live with his half-sister's family. In his youth, Van der Lubbe worked as a bricklayer. He was nicknamed Dempsey after boxer Jack Dempsey, because of his great strength. While working, Van der Lubbe came in contact with the labour movement; in 1925, at 16, he joined the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN), and its youth wing; the Communist Youth Bund (CJB).

In 1926, he was injured at work, getting lime in his eyes, which left him in the hospital for a few months and almost left him blind. Since injury forced him to quit his job, he was unemployed with a pension of only 7.44 guilders a week. After a few conflicts with his sister, Van der Lubbe moved to Leiden in 1927. There, he learned to speak some German and founded the Lenin House, where he organised political meetings. While working for the Tielmann factory, a strike broke out. Van der Lubbe claimed to the management to be one of the ringleaders and offered to accept any punishment if no one else was victimised even though he was clearly too inexperienced to have been seriously involved. During the trial, he tried to claim sole responsibility and was purportedly hostile to the idea of getting off free.

Afterwards, Van der Lubbe planned to emigrate to the Soviet Union, but he lacked the funds to do so. He was politically active among the unemployed workers' movement until 1931, when he fell into disagreement with the CPN and instead approached the Group of International Communists. In 1933, Van der Lubbe fled to Germany to take action in the local communist underground. He had a criminal record for arson.

Reichstag fire
Main article: Reichstag fire
The Reichstag building on fire.

Van der Lubbe said that he had set the Reichstag building on fire as a cry to rally the German workers against the fascist rule. He was brought to trial along with the head of the German Communist Party and three Bulgarian members of the Comintern. At his trial, Van der Lubbe was convicted and sentenced to death for the Reichstag fire. The four other defendants (Ernst Torgler, Georgi Dimitrov, Blagoi Popov, and Vasil Tanev) at the trial were acquitted. He was guillotined in a Leipzig prison yard on 10 January 1934, three days before his 25th birthday. He was buried in an unmarked grave on the Südfriedhof (South Cemetery) in Leipzig.

After World War II, moves were made by his brother, Jan van der Lubbe, in an attempt to overturn the original verdict. In 1967, his sentence was changed by a judge from death to eight years in prison. In 1980, after more lengthy complaints, a West German court overturned the verdict entirely, but that was criticised by the state prosecutor. The case was re-examined by the Federal Court of Justice of Germany for three years. In 1983, the court made a final decision on the matter and overturned the result of the 1980 trial on grounds that there was no basis for it and so it was illegal. However, on December 6, 2007, the Attorney General of Germany Monika Harms nullified the entire verdict and posthumously pardoned Van der Lubbe, based on a 1998 German law that makes it possible to overturn certain cases of Nazi injustice. The court's determination was based on the premise that the National Socialist regime was, by definition, unjust, and since the case's death sentence had been politically motivated, it was likely to have contained an extension of that injustice. The conclusion was independent of the factual question of whether or not Van der Lubbe had actually set the fire.[1][2][3]

Claimed responsibility
Main article: Reichstag fire § Dispute about Van der Lubbe's role in the Reichstag fire
The window through which Van der Lubbe allegedly entered the building.
Memorial at the Südfriedhof in Leipzig.

Historians disagree as to whether Van der Lubbe acted alone, as he said, to protest the condition of the German working class. The Nazis blamed a communist conspiracy. The responsibility for the Reichstag fire remains an ongoing topic of debate and research.[4][5][6] According to Ian Kershaw, writing in 1998, the consensus of nearly all historians is that Van der Lubbe had in fact set the Reichstag on fire.[7] William Shirer, writing in The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, surmised that Van der Lubbe was goaded into setting a fire at the Reichstag but that the Nazis had set their own more elaborate fire at the same time. The case is still actively debated.

In July 1933, Van der Lubbe, Ernst Torgler, Georgi Dimitrov, Blagoi Popov, and Vasil Tanev were indicted on charges of setting the Reichstag on fire. From September 21 to December 23, the Leipzig Trial took place and was presided over by judges from the old German Imperial High Court, the Reichsgericht, Germany's highest court. The presiding judge was Dr. Wilhelm Bürger of the Fourth Criminal Court of the Fourth Penal Chamber of the Supreme Court.[8] The defendants were charged with arson and with attempting to overthrow the government. The trial, however, concluded by convicting only Van der Lubbe, and the other four were acquitted.

  • The Einstürzende Neubauten song "Feurio!" contains a reference to Van der Lubbe: "Marinus du warst es nicht" (Marinus, it wasn't you).
  • Dutch folk-rock band Janse Bagge Bend refers to Van der Lubbe in their song "Kommer en Kwel".
  • A The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers story has one of the characters (Freewheelin' Franklin) referring to a fictitious "Marinus van der Lubbe International Firebombing Society".[9]
  • W. H. Auden refers to Van der Lubbe in his poem beginning "Easily, my dear, you move, easily your head", dated November 1934.
  • Stephen Spender wrote a poem Van der Lubbe.
  • Belgian author Willem Elsschot wrote a poem Van der Lubbe.

Notes
  1. Announcement of the Attorney General of Germany (in German)
  2. "Marinus van der Lubbe gerehabiliteerd (Dutch)". Archived from the original on 2008-01-13. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
  3. Kate Connolly (January 12, 2008). "75 years on, executed Reichstag arsonist finally wins pardon". The Guardian.
  4. "The Reichstag Fire". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  5. DW Staff (27 February 2008). "75 Years Ago, Reichstag Fire Sped Hitler's Power Grab". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  6. Anson Rabinbach, "Staging Antifascism: The Brown Book of the Reichstag Fire and Hitler Terror," in New German Critique, vol. 35, no. 1, (Spring 2008), pp. 97–126
  7. Kershaw, Ian Hitler Hubris pp. 456–458, 731–732
  8. Snyder, Louis, Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976, p. 288
  9. "Straight Dope Message Board". boards.straightdope.com.
gollark: No comment, but a deterministic future would not absolve you of blame, apiophilosophohazard.
gollark: Well, according to my messages from the future, in two years you damage the osmarks.tk server infrastructure.
gollark: You utter apioformic magnetite.
gollark: Ilmenite you.
gollark: ALL SHALL BE HTTP.

References
  • Biography Marinus van der Lubbe on libcom.org history.
  • Martin Schouten: Rinus van der Lubbe 1909–1934 – een biografie. De Bezige Bij, Amsterdam 1986.(in Dutch)
  • Alexander Bahar and Wilfried Kugel: Der Reichstagbrand, edition q (2001) German language only.
  • Hersch Fischler: Zum Zeitablauf der Reichstagsbrandstiftung. Korrekturen der Untersuchung Alfred Berndts, in: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 55 (2005), S. 617–632.(with English summary)
  • Anson Rabinbach, "Staging Antifascism: The Brown Book of the Reichstag Fire and Hitler Terror," in New German Critique, vol. 35, no. 1, (Spring 2008), pp. 97–126
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