Marie Maynard Daly

Marie Maynard Daly (April 16, 1921 – October 28, 2003) was an American biochemist. She was the first Black American woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry (awarded by Columbia University in 1947).[3] Daly made important contributions in four areas of research: the chemistry of histones, protein synthesis, the relationships between cholesterol and hypertension, and creatine's uptake by muscle cells.[4]

Marie Maynard Daly
Born(1921-04-16)April 16, 1921
Corona, Queens, New York City
DiedOctober 28, 2003(2003-10-28) (aged 82)
New York City
Other namesMarie Maynard Daly Clark
CitizenshipAmerican
Alma mater
Spouse(s)Vincent Clark[1]
Scientific career
FieldsBiochemistry
Institutions
ThesisA Study of the Products Formed by the Action of Pancreatic Amylase on Corn Starch[2] (1947)
Doctoral advisorMary Letitia Caldwell

Daly's father, Ivan C. Daly, had immigrated from the British West Indies, found work as a postal clerk and eventually married Helen Page of Washington, D.C.[5] They lived in New York City, and Marie was born and raised in Corona, Queens.[3] She often visited her maternal grandparents in Washington, where she was able to read about scientists and their achievements in her grandfather's extensive library. She was especially impressed by Paul de Kruif’s The Microbe Hunters, a work which partially influenced her decision to become a scientist.[6]

Daly's interest in science was also influenced by her father, who had attended Cornell University with intentions of becoming a chemist, but had been unable to complete his education due to a lack of funds.[7] His daughter continued her father's legacy by majoring in chemistry. Many years later, she started a Queens College scholarship fund in his honor to assist minority students majoring in chemistry or physics.[6]

Education

Daly attended Hunter College High School, a laboratory high school for girls run by Hunter College faculty,[8] where she was also encouraged to pursue chemistry. She then enrolled in Queens College, a small, fairly new school in Flushing, New York. She lived at home to save money and graduated magna cum laude from Queens College with her bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1942.[3][6][9] Upon graduation, she was named a Queens College Scholar,[10] an honor that is given to the top 2.5% of the graduating class.[8]

Labor shortages and the need for scientists to support the war effort enabled Daly to garner fellowships to study at New York University and Columbia University for her master's and Ph.D. degrees, respectively.[8]

Daly worked as a laboratory assistant at Queens College while studying at New York University for her master's degree in chemistry, which she completed in 1943. She then became a chemistry tutor at Queens College and enrolled in the doctoral program at Columbia University, where she was supervised by Dr. Mary L. Caldwell. Caldwell, who had a doctorate in nutrition, helped Daly discover how chemicals produced in the body contribute to food digestion. Daly completed a thesis entitled A Study of the Products Formed By the Action of Pancreatic Amylase on Corn Starch to earn her Ph.D. in chemistry in 1947.[7][2][6] became first African American to receive a PhD from Columbia University.

Career

Daly worked as a physical science instructor at Howard University, from 1947 to 1948 while simultaneously conducting research under the direction of Herman Branson. After being awarded an American Cancer Society grant to support her postdoctoral research, she joined Dr. A. E. Mirsky at the Rockefeller Institute, where they studied the cell nucleus and its constituents.[7] At the time, the structure and function of DNA were not yet understood.[11]

Daly began working in the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University in 1955. In collaboration with Dr. Quentin B. Deming, she studied arterial metabolism.[7][3] She continued this work as an assistant professor of biochemistry and of medicine at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University, where she and Deming moved in 1960.[7] From 1958 to 1963, Daly also served as an investigator for the American Heart Association.[12]

Daly enjoyed teaching medical students and was dedicated to increasing the number of minority students enrolled in medical schools. In 1971 she was promoted to associate professor.[7]

In 1975, Daly was one of 30 minority women scientists to attend a conference examining the challenges facing minority women in STEM fields. The conference was held by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. This resulted in the publication of the report, The Double Bind: The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science (1976). which made recommendations for recruiting and retaining minority women scientists.[9][13]

Daly was a member of the prestigious board of governors of the New York Academy of Sciences for two years. Additional fellowships that Daly received throughout her career include the American Cancer Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, New York Academy of Sciences, and Council on Arteriosclerosis of the American Heart Association.[7]

Daly was designated as a career scientist by the Health Research Council of the City of New York. Daly retired in 1986 from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and in 1988 established a scholarship for African American chemistry and physics majors at Queens College in memory of her father.[7] In 1999, she was recognized by the National Technical Association as one of the top 50 women in Science, Engineering and Technology.[14]

Marie Maynard Daly Clark died on October 28, 2003.[11]

On February 26, 2016, the Founding Principal of the new elementary school P.S.360Q, Mr. R. Emmanuel-Cooke, announced that the school would be named "The Dr. Marie M. Daly Academy of Excellence" in honor of the Queens resident.[15][16]

Research

Histones

Daly was particularly interested in nuclear proteins. She developed methods for the fractionation of nuclear material and the determination of its composition. It was essential to separate cellular material into all of its components, without destroying or losing any of them.[17][18][19][20][21]

She studied histones, proteins found in cell nuclei, and was able to show the amino acid composition of various histone fractions. She suggested that histones were a mixture of basic components such as lysine and arginine.[17][18][19][20][21] Histones have since been shown to be important in gene expression.[11] Daly's work on histones is now considered fundamental.[4]

Proteins

Daly developed methods for separating out the nuclei of tissues and measuring the base composition of purines and pyrimidines in desoxypentose nucleic acids.[11][4] She concluded, among other things, that "no bases other than adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine were present in appreciable amounts."[22]

She investigated protein synthesis,[11] including the role of cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein in protein synthesis.[23][24] Using radiolabeled amino acid glycine, she was able to measure how protein metabolism changed under feeding and fasting conditions in mice. This allowed her to monitor the activity of the cytoplasm as the radiolabeled glycine was taken up into the cell nucleus.[7]

In 1953, Watson and Crick described the structure of DNA. Accepting the Nobel Prize for this work in 1962, Watson cited one of Daly's papers on "The role of ribonucleoprotein in protein synthesis" as contributing to his work.[11][25][23] After 1953, the cell nucleus research field was flooded with funding opportunities.[7]

Cholesterol and hypertension

Daly and her colleagues did some of the earliest work relating diet to the health of the cardiac and circulatory systems. They investigated the impact of cholesterol, sugar, and other nutrients. She was the first to establish that hypertension was a precursor to atherosclerosis,[12] and the first to identify a relationship between cholesterol and clogged arteries,[26] an important discovery in understanding how heart attacks occur.[5][11]

She was especially interested in how hypertension affects the circulatory system. She showed that high cholesterol intake in diet led to clogged arteries, and that hypertension accelerated this effect. She studied the effects of diet on hypertension, and found that both cholesterol and sugar were related to hypertension.[5][11][27][28][29][30] Investigating aging, she suggested that smooth muscle hypertrophy due to aging might have a causative role in hypertension and atherosclerosis.[31] Daly was also an early investigator into the effects of cigarette smoke on the lungs and on hypertension.[32][33]

Creatine

In the 1970s Daly began studying the uptake of creatine by muscle cells, an important research topic in the energy recycling systems of muscle. Her "Uptake of Creatine by Cultured Cells" (1980) described the conditions under which muscle tissues best absorbed creatine.[11][34]

gollark: Orbital nuclear-bomb-pumped gamma-ray lasers.
gollark: I mean, if they are several-tens-of-billionaires.
gollark: Angry billionaires could probably destroy civilization in a more interesting way than just nuclear weapons!
gollark: But you have to sign a form saying you'll only use it for good and not evil.
gollark: Solution: maintain consistency, legalize all weapons whatsoever.

See also

References
  1. "Clark, Marie Maynard Daly (1921–2003)". BlackPast.org. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  2. Brown, Mitchell C. (1996). "Marie Maynard Daly: Biochemist". The Faces of Science: African-Americans in the Sciences. Archived from the original on 2006-10-23. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  3. Kessler, James; Kidd, J.S.; Kidd, Renee; Morin, Katherine A. (1996). Distinguished African-American Scientists of the 20th Century. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780897749558. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  4. "Marie M. Daly PhD Memorial Lecture". Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  5. "Marie M. Daly". Biography. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  6. "Marie Maynard Daily". Science History Institute. June 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  7. Grinstein, Louise S.; Rose, R. K.; Rafailovich, M. H. (1993). Women in chemistry and physics: a biobibliographic sourcebook (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 149. ISBN 9780313273827.
  8. 1934-, Brown, Jeannette E. (Jeannette Elizabeth) (2012). African American women mists 911. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199742882. OCLC 761692608.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. Collins, Sibrina Nichelle (August 7, 2017). "Unsung: Marie Maynard Daly". UnDark. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  10. "Dr. Marie Maynard Daly: The First African-American PhD. in Chemistry". On the Shoulders of Giants. January 5, 2018. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  11. DeBakcsy, Dale (February 28, 2018). "Marie Maynard Daly (1921–2003), America's First Black Woman Chemist". Women You Should Know. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  12. Spangenburg, Ray; Moser, Kit (2003). African Americans in science, math, and invention. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 55–56. ISBN 9781438107745. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  13. Malcom, Shirley Mahaley; Quick Hall, Paula; Brown, Janet Welsh (1976). The Double Bind: The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science. Report of a Conference of Minority Women Scientists, Arlie House, Warrenton, Virginia (PDF). Warrenton, Virginia: Arlie House. p. 63. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  14. Irwin, Demetria (March 7, 2016). "[UNSUNG SHEROES] Dr. Marie Maynard Daly, a Trailblazer in Medical Research". EBONY. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  15. "PS 360Q PTA The Dr. Marie M. Daly Academy of Excellence". PTBoard. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  16. Bossing, Jan. "Marie M. Daly, first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry". AMAZING WOMEN. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
  17. Brachet, Jean; Mirsky, Alfred E. (1959). The Cell: Biochemistry, Physiology, Morphology. New York: Academic Press. pp. 196, 230, 257. ISBN 9781483216546. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  18. Brusch, Harris (1965). Histones and other nuclear proteins. Academic Press. pp. 13–15, 76–77. ISBN 9780123955937. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  19. DALY, MM; MIRSKY, AE (20 January 1955). "Histones with high lysine content". The Journal of General Physiology. 38 (3): 405–13. doi:10.1085/jgp.38.3.405. PMC 2147486. PMID 13221780.
  20. DALY, MM; ALLFREY, VG; MIRSKY, AE (November 1952). "Uptake of glycine-N15 by components of cell nuclei". The Journal of General Physiology. 36 (2): 173–9. doi:10.1085/jgp.36.2.173. PMC 2147362. PMID 13011275.
  21. DALY, MM; MIRSKY, AE; RIS, H (20 March 1951). "The amino acid composition and some properties of histones". The Journal of General Physiology. 34 (4): 439–50. doi:10.1085/jgp.34.4.439. PMC 2147226. PMID 14824510.
  22. Daly, M. M. (20 May 1950). "Purine and Pyrimidine Contents of Some Desoxypentose Nucleic Acids". The Journal of General Physiology. 33 (5): 497–510. doi:10.1085/jgp.33.5.497. PMC 2147206. PMID 15422104.
  23. ALLFREY, V; DALY, MM; MIRSKY, AE (20 November 1953). "Synthesis of protein in the pancreas. II. The role of ribonucleoprotein in protein synthesis". The Journal of General Physiology. 37 (2): 157–75. doi:10.1085/jgp.37.2.157. PMC 2147435. PMID 13109153.
  24. ALLFREY, VG; DALY, MM; MIRSKY, AE (20 January 1955). "Some observations on protein metabolism in chromosomes of non-dividing cells". The Journal of General Physiology. 38 (3): 415–24. doi:10.1085/jgp.38.3.415. PMC 2147482. PMID 13221781.
  25. Watson, James. "James Watson – Nobel Lecture". NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  26. Lee, D. N. (July 6, 2014). "You Should Know: Dr. Marie Daly". Scientific American. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  27. FREIS, EDWARD D. (May 1969). "Hypertension and Atherosclerosis" (PDF). The American Journal of Medicine. 46 (5): 735–740. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(69)90024-2. PMID 4892339. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  28. DEMING, QB; MOSBACH, EH; BEVANS, M; DALY, MM; ABELL, LL; MARTIN, E; BRUN, LM; HALPERN, E; KAPLAN, R (1 April 1958). "Blood pressure, cholesterol content of serum and tissues and atherogenesis in the rat". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 107 (4): 581–98. doi:10.1084/jem.107.4.581. PMC 2136835. PMID 13513919.
  29. Deming, Q.B.; Brun, L.M.; Kaplan, R.; Daly, M.M.; Bloom, J.; Schechter, M. (1961). "Hypertension, Recent Advances". In Brest, A.N.; Moyer, J.H. (eds.). The Second Hahnemann Symposium on Hypertensive Disease. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. pp. 160–.
  30. Daly, M. M.; Deming, Q. B.; Raeff, V. M.; Brun, L. M. (1 October 1963). "Cholesterol Concentration and Cholesterol Synthesis in Aortas of Rats with Renal Hypertension". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 42 (10): 1606–1612. doi:10.1172/JCI104845. PMC 289439. PMID 14074354.
  31. Kritchevky, David (1975). Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Drugs. New York and London: Plenum Press. p. 295. ISBN 9781468432589.
  32. "Marie Maynard Daly, biochemist". The Valentina Project. April 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  33. Park, Sung Suh; Kikkawa, Yutaka; Goldring, Irene P.; Daly, Marie M.; Zelefsky, Melvin; Shim, Chang; Spierer, Morris; Morita, Toyohiko (June 1, 1977). "An Animal Model of Cigarette Smoking in Beagle Dogs Correlative Evaluation of Effects on Pulmonary Function, Defense, and Morphology". American Review of Respiratory Disease. 115 (6): 971–9. doi:10.1164/arrd.1977.115.6.971 (inactive 2020-01-22). PMID 262108. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  34. Daly, Marie M.; Seifter, Sam (August 1980). "Uptake of creatine by cultured cells". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 203 (1): 317–324. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(80)90182-4. PMID 7406503.
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