Marie-Louise Gagneur

Marie-Louise Gagneur (née Mignerot, 25 May 1832 – 17 February 1902)[1] was a French feminist writer and activist. In 1901, she was awarded the Legion of Honour.

Marie-Louise Gagneur
Gagneur in 1872.
BornMarie-Louise Mignerot
(1832-05-25)25 May 1832
Domblans, France
Died17 February 1902(1902-02-17) (aged 69)
Paris, France
OccupationWriter
LanguageFrench
NationalityFrench
Literary movementFeminism
SpouseWladimir Gagneur

Personal life

Mignerot was born in Domblans to Césarine Martin, who worked for Charles Fourier, and Claude Corneille Mignerot.[2] She was brought up at a convent, where she disagreed with the religious education.[3] She married Wladimir Gagneur in 1856 or 1857.[4] Gagneur was 25 years older than her,[2] and had fought in the French Revolution of 1848.[4]

Career

Gagneur wrote essays, short stories and novels. Her works focused on anti-clericalism, especially when she was writing during the Franco-Prussian War.[2] In 1855, she produced the pamphlet Projet d’association industrielle et domestique pour les classes ouvrières (Project of industrial and domestic association for the working classes), which was noticed by Wladimir Gagneur.[2]

Gagneur wrote more than 20 novels. Her first novel was Le Siècle (The Century).[4][5] La Croisade noire (The Black Crusade, 1864), an anti-clerical novel set in the 1850s, had five editions by 1872,[6] and is believed to have been based on her experiences growing up in a convent.[4] The novel was also reprinted in a local newspaper.[7] Her 1870 book Les Vierges Russes (The Russian Virgins) was translated into English in 1871.[8] Other notable works include Une expiation (An Atonement, 1859), Le Roman d’un prêtre (The Novel of a Priest, 1882), and Le Crime de l’Abbé Maufrac (The Crime of Abbott Maufrac, 1882).[1]

In 1864, Gagneur joined the Société des gens de lettres.[2] In 1891, she challenged the Académie française on their anti-feminist views,[2] asking for the feminisation of names.[9] During her life, she also called for reform of French divorce laws.[8] In 1901, she was awarded a Chevalier (Knight) of the Legion of Honour.[2][10]

Throughout her writing career, Gagneur was deeply engaged with the feminist scene. Many of her works explore contemporary issues concerning the status of women in society. Particularly, she examines the systemic subordination of women by government and religious institutions. In 1867 Gagneur published Le Calvaire des Femmes [The Ordeals of Women]. In this social novel, Gagneur highlights the suffering of working-class women in an era of great corruption, extravagance, and injustice of Second Empire France.[11] One quote from this work well summarizes her position in the feminist field. "En France comme en Amérique, et pour la femme comme pour l'homme, il n'y a de dignité possible qu'avec le liberté. La femme ne doit point être placée sous la tutulle absolue de l'homme" [In France as in America, and for women like men, there is no possible dignity with liberty. Women have no place under the fist of man].[12]

Notable works
  • Le Siècle (The Century)
  • Une expiation (An Atonement), 1859
  • La Croisade noire (The Black Crusade), 1864
  • Les Vierges Russes (The Russian Virgins), 1870
  • Le Roman d’un prêtre (The Novel of a Priest), 1882
  • Le Crime de l’Abbé Maufrac (The Crime of Abbott Maufrac), 1882
  • Le Calvaire des Femmes (The Ordeals of Women), 1867
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References
  1. "Marie-Louise Gagneur (1832–1902): nom d'alliance" (in French). Gallicia. Retrieved 28 December 2018 – via Bibliothèque nationale de France.
  2. Musnik, Roger (25 June 2018). "Marie-Louise Gagneur (1832–1902)" (in French). Gallicia. Retrieved 28 December 2018 – via Bibliothèque nationale de France.
  3. "Revue universelle : recueil documentaire universel et illustré" (in French). Gallicia. 1902. p. 186. Retrieved 28 December 2018 – via Bibliothèque nationale de France.
  4. An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers, Volume 1. 1. Taylor & Francis. 1991. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-8240-8547-6. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  5. Le Juez, Brigitte (2004). Clergés et cultures populaires (in French). Jean Monnet University. pp. 74–75. ISBN 9782862723242. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  6. "La croisade noire : roman contemporain (5e édition)" (in French). Gallicia. Retrieved 30 December 2018 – via Bibliothèque nationale de France.
  7. DeMarco, Eileen (2006). Reading and Riding: Hachette's Railroad Bookstore Network in Nineteenth-century France. Lehigh University Press. p. 139. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  8. Fitzsimmons, Eleanor (September 2017). Wilde's Women: How Oscar Wilde Was Shaped by the Women He Knew. The Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-4683-1326-0. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  9. Offen, Karen (January 2018). Debating the Woman Question in the French Third Republic, 1870–1920. Cambridge University Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-107-18804-4. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  10. Auclert, Hubertine (26 February 1901). "Le féminisme – Croix méritée". Le Radical (in French). Retrieved 28 December 2018 – via Bibliothèque nationale de France.
  11. Beach, Cecilia. title= "Le Calvaire des femmes". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 22 July 2017
  12. https://gallica.bnf.fr/blog/25062018/marie-louise-gagneur-1832-1902
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