Maize dwarf mosaic virus

Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus (MDMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae. Depending on the corn plant’s growth stage, the virus can have severe implications to the corn plant’s development which can also result in economic consequences to the producer of the crop.[1]

Maize dwarf mosaic virus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Stelpaviricetes
Order: Patatavirales
Family: Potyviridae
Genus: Potyvirus
Species:
Maize dwarf mosaic virus
Synonyms

MDMV-A
MDMV-D
MDMV-E
MDMV-F

Importance

Maize (Zea mays) is a major cereal crop; it is third behind rice and wheat in production. An average of 380 million tons are produced annually by 53 countries. Maize is the most widely grown crop ranging from tropical areas with altitudes over 3000 m to temperate areas extending as far north as the 65th latitude.[2] MDMV is the most serious virus of sweet corn.[3]

If corn plants are infected with MDMV, ear formation and development are slowed leading to grain yield loss.[4] The damage from MDMV can cause the halting of ear formation and development, ultimately leading to the production of barren ears and direct yield loss.[5] There can be losses of up to 42% on early planted field corn.[6] If corn is planted late MDMV can cause 75% or more loss on inbred and hybrid varieties.[6][7] The number of ears per plant is reduced by MDMV infection and the fresh weight of these ears can be reduced by 30%.[8]

Pathogenesis

MDMV is caused by various strains.[7] There are 5 strains A, C, D, E, and F. They differ in biological, serological, and nucleotide sequences.[9] The vector for MDMV transmission is aphids.

There are 15 aphid species that can non-persistently transmit MDMV.[10] The aphids mainly feed on the family Poaceae.[11] MDMV overwinters in alternate hosts. These hosts range is sorghum, maize, and Johnson grass. Symptoms appear six weeks after aphids feed and transmit the virus. The aphid acquires the virus within seconds of feeding on an infected plant, either maize, Johnson grass, or sorghum.[7] There is no latent period for transmission to new host plants.[5] After acquiring MDMV an aphid is able to transmit the virus within 15–30 minutes.[7] Aphids do not retain MDMV after molting.[5]

The virus can also be spread through the seed or mechanically by leaf rubbing of Johnson grass and sorghum.[4] MDMV in the field is not typically transmitted by seed or mechanically, it is more prevalent in greenhouses.[5] Depending on the hybrid, most maize plants will show higher rates of disease when infected earlier in the growing stage.[12] The pathogen itself is a flexuous, rod-shaped virus measuring 12 x 750 nm. There are antiserum kits that can confirm the viruses identity.[5]

There is resistance to MDMV. Maize plants can have up to 5 resistance genes in their genetic make up. There are commercially available hybrids that provide good resistance.[3] The major gene for resistance is called mdm1 and it is found on chromosome 6.[5] Mdm1 was identified in Pa405, an inbred line. This chromosomal region of mdm1 is also where resistance genes to two other phtyviridae viruses are located.[1] The resistance conferred by mdm1 can be greatly altered with genetic, environmental, and developmental factors.[1]

Breeding trials for MDMV resistance at University of Wisconsin West Madison Agricultural Research Station

At the University of Wisconsin–Madison there are breeding trials to help create new varieties that are resistant to MDMV.

Environment

MDMV prefers warm to average temperatures. Johnson grass infected with MDMV in the surrounding environment can increase the disease on maize.[4] MDMV is a cultivated virus that mainly occurs in the United States and Australia.[5] MDMV does not overwinter in Minnesota and Wisconsin, which makes the source of inoculum in these northern states unclear.[3] During infection after periods of cool night temperatures, about 60 °F, the plants may exhibit signs of the disease such as blotches or streaks of red.[7]

Transmission

Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus is spread by seed, by infected leaves rubbing on non-infected leaves and perhaps most commonly, via aphids (Lipps & Mills, n.d.). These aphids become carriers after they feed on plants such as Johnson grass, corn or sorghum, or other grass species that are infected with MDMV. Broadleaf plants do not become infected with MDMV (The CIMMYT Maize Program). Aphids transmit Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus disease effectively fifteen to thirty minutes after feeding on infected plants when by spreading the virus to the susceptible plants after they have flown or are blown onto a nearby corn crop and will start to feed (“Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus,” n.d.).

Symptoms

When looking for symptoms of MDMV in corn, one must also be aware of the plant’s growth stage as symptoms may affect the plant differently at various stages. Young leaves, may experience chlorotic spotting which may eventually turn into a mosaic or mottle pattern (“Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus,” n.d.). Later in the growing season, the mosaic pattern may bleed into a general yellowing of the leaf and eventually areas of red streaks or blotches may appear if night time temperatures are consistently around 60 degrees Fahrenheit (Lipps & Mills, n.d.). Plants affected later in their reproductive cycle may experience a slowing in ear development (“Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus,” n.d.), while some plants may even become barren (Lipps & Mills, n.d.). It is not uncommon for plants to have shortened upper internodes or an increase in tiller number (“Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus,” n.d.).

Control

Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus can be managed in several ways. One way is the removal of the local population of Johnson grass as this can harbor the disease. It is best if all producers (farmers) in the area participate in this practice or the disease can remain in sporadic plant populations and be spread in the ways described above (Lipps & Mills, n.d.). Another way to help avoid MDMV is by selecting corn varieties that are tolerant of the virus and by planting corn crops earlier in the season to help seedlings avoid key aphid population times (Lipps & Mills, n.d.).

gollark: What? They totally can, TLS 1.3 doesn't do anything to hide the SNI.
gollark: I mean, to some extent, but they *consistently* lied about all their data so who knows, and covering up is a monorically stupid initial response.
gollark: Unless they had another one in the last few months.
gollark: COVID-19?
gollark: Yes, they really managed the pandemic well in China by trying to ignore it/cover it up and hoping it would go away.

References
  1. Jones, M; Redinbaugh, M; Louie, R (February 2007). "The Mdm1 Locus and Maize Resistance to Maize dwarf mosaic virus". Plant Disease. 91 (2): 185–190. doi:10.1094/PDIS-91-2-0185. PMID 30781002.
  2. mckay024 (2015-07-03). "Insect Vectors and Their Pathogens of Maize in the Tropics". Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
  3. Hallauer, Arnel R. (2000). Specialty Corns, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 182. ISBN 9781420038569.
  4. "Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus". cropdisease.cropsci.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  5. "Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) (extended information)". maizedoctor.org. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  6. "dwarf mosaic of maize (Maize dwarf mosaic virus)". www.plantwise.org. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  7. "Maize Dwarf Mosaic, Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Diseases of Corn, AC-0024-01". ohioline.osu.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  8. "dwarf mosaic of maize (Maize dwarf mosaic virus)". www.plantwise.org. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
  9. Loebenstein, Gad; Thottappilly, George (2003). Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries—Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0791-7. ISBN 978-94-010-3729-7.
  10. "Show DPV and Refs in Frame". www.dpvweb.net. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
  11. Użarowska, Anna; Dionisio, Giuseppe; Sarholz, Barbara; Piepho, Hans-Peter; Xu, Mingliang; Ingvardsen, Christina Rønn; Wenzel, Gerhard; Lübberstedt, Thomas (2009-02-02). "Validation of candidate genes putatively associated with resistance to SCMV and MDMV in maize (Zea mays L.) by expression profiling". BMC Plant Biology. 9: 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-9-15. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 2669481. PMID 19187556.
  12. Rosenkranz, E.; Scott, G.E (1978). "Effect of plant age at time of inoculation with maize dwarf mosaic virus on disease development and yield in corn". Phytopathology. 68 (12): 1688–1692. doi:10.1094/phyto-68-1688.
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