Lydia Villa-Komaroff

Lydia Villa-Komaroff (born August 7, 1947) is a molecular and cellular biologist who has been an academic laboratory scientist, a university administrator, and a business woman. She was the third[1] Mexican American woman in the United States to receive a doctorate degree in the sciences (1975) and is a co-founding member of The Society for the Advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS).[2] Her most notable discovery was in 1978 during her post-doctoral research, when she was part of a team that discovered how bacterial cells could be used to generate insulin.[3]

Lydia Villa-Komaroff
Lydia Villa-Komaroff in 2013
Born (1947-08-07) August 7, 1947
CitizenshipAmerican
Alma materGoucher College (BA)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PhD)
Spouse(s)Anthony L. Komaroff
Awards2013 Woman of Distinction by the American Association of University Women
Scientific career
FieldsMolecular Biology
InstitutionsMIT, Harvard University, Northwestern University
Doctoral advisorHarvey Lodish, David Baltimore
Other academic advisorsFotis Kafatos, Tom Maniatis, Walter Gilbert

Early life and family

Villa-Komaroff was born on August 7, 1947, and grew up in Santa Fe, New Mexico. She was the eldest of six children; her father, John, was a teacher and musician and her mother, Drucilla, was a social worker. By the age of nine, Villa-Komaroff knew that she wanted to be a scientist, influenced in part by her uncle, a chemist.[3] She was also inspired due to her mother's and grandmother's love for both nature and plants.[4]

Education and career

In 1965, she entered the University of Washington in Seattle as a chemistry major. When an advisor told her that "women do not belong in chemistry" she switched majors, settling on biology. In 1967, she transferred to Goucher College in Maryland, when her boyfriend moved to the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area to work at the National Institutes of Health. It is believed that she applied to Johns Hopkins University, but was not accepted because they were not accepting women at that time. In 1970, she married her boyfriend, Dr. Anthony L. Komaroff, and the couple moved to Boston.[2]

In 1970, Villa-Komaroff enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for graduate work in molecular biology. Her PhD dissertation, under the supervision of Harvey Lodish and Nobel Laureate David Baltimore, focused on how proteins are produced from RNA in poliovirus. She dedicated her thesis to her colleagues David Rekosh and David Housman, who she says "taught me to walk," and her advisors who "taught me what it might be like to fly." [3]

In 1973, while still a graduate student at MIT, she became a founding member of the Society for Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS).[5][6]

She completed her PhD at MIT in cell biology in 1975. She then went to Harvard to conduct her postdoctoral research for three years, focusing on recombinant DNA technology, under the supervision of Fotis Kafatos and Tom Maniatis. When Cambridge banned such experiments in 1976, citing worries about public safety and the chance of unintentionally creating a new disease, Villa-Komaroff moved to Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.[2] While at Cold Spring Harbor, she experienced repeated failures of her experiments; however, these disappointments taught her that “most experiments fail, and that scientists must accept failure as a part of the process[3]”.

Villa-Komaroff felt that these failures aided in her biggest victory: six months after she was able to return to Harvard (once the ban on recombinant DNA experiments was lifted in 1977), she became a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Nobel Laureate Walter Gilbert. Within 6 months, she was the first author of the landmark report from the Gilbert laboratory showing that bacteria could be induced to make proinsulin[7]– the first time a mammalian hormone was synthesized by bacteria. The research was a milestone in the birth of the biotechnology industry.[8]

Later in the same year, she joined the faculty of the University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), where she was a professor for six years before being granted tenure. The following year, she left for a position at Harvard Medical School with a lighter teaching workload and more research opportunities including her research on transforming growth factor- α and epidermal growth factor during fetal and neonatal development published in 1992 and 1993. There, she continued to establish her name in molecular biology, and in 1995 a television documentary called "DNA Detective" featured her work on insulin-related growth factors. The segment ran as part of a six-part PBS series on women in science, under the umbrella title "Discovering Women."[9]

In 1996, Villa-Komaroff left laboratory research, and was recruited to Northwestern University where she served as Vice President for Research of the university. In 2003 she returned to Boston, where she became the Vice President for Research and Chief Operating Officer of Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, an affiliated research institute of MIT.[10] Since 2005, she has served as a senior executive and board member of several biotechnology companies. She also continues to serve on the boards and committees of several major public and private institutions.

Research discoveries and accomplishments

After her participation in the landmark research reporting the first synthesis of mammalian insulin in bacterial cells, Villa-Komaroff used the then-new molecular biology technology of recombinant DNA to address a number of fundamental questions in different fields, in collaboration with neurologists, developmental biologists, endocrinologists, and cell biologists. Villa-Komaroff’s laboratory made several important contributions following the insulin research.

The laboratory identified several proteins that help vision develop in very young animals. Other scientists had discovered that the development of normal vision in cats is delayed when cats are raised in total darkness and that the development of vision can be triggered by brief exposure to light. Villa-Komaroff’s laboratory showed that exposing dark-reared cats to one hour of light caused a 2 to 3 fold transient induction of three specific proteins. This finding directly linked the expression of these genes with an environmental trigger (light) in the development of vision.[11]

The laboratory also discovered direct evidence that the Gap-43 protein was important in the growth of the axons of nerve cells.[12]

Finally, Villa-Komaroff contributed to the discovery that a molecule known to be associated with Alzheimer’s disease (amyloid beta) causes degeneration of brain cells (neurons), work done in conjunction with a postdoctoral fellow in her laboratory, Bruce Yankner.[13] Before this publication, it was unclear whether amyloid beta was a byproduct of neuronal degeneration or a contributor to that degeneration. This paper provided the first direct evidence that a fragment of the amyloid precursor protein could kill neurons, and helped stimulate a very large field dedicated to preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease by targeting amyloid beta.

Awards and honors
  • 1992 Hispanic Engineer National Achievement Award[14]
  • 1994 Invited participant in the 1994 Forum on Science in the National Interest - White House Office of Science and Technology Policy[15]
  • 1999 Induction into the Hispanic Engineer National Achievement Hall of Fame
  • 2008 Catalyst Award - Science Club for Girls[16]
  • 2008 Hispanic Scientist of the Year, Museum of Science and Industry (Tampa)[17]
  • 2008 Lifetime Achievement award, Hispanic Business Media[18]
  • 1996-2011 Honorary Doctoral Degrees, Goucher College, University of Saint Thomas (Minnesota), Pine Manor College, and Regis College (Massachusetts),[19]
  • 2011 Leadership Award, Women Entrepreneurs in Science & Technology[20]
  • 2012 MAKERS selection, and video, as a prominent woman leader[21]
  • 2013 Woman of Distinction, American Association of University Women (AAUW)
  • 2014 Distinguished Lecturer for the STEM Diversity Institute and the Five Colleges, Inc
  • 2015 Distinguished Women Scientist, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy
  • 2016 Morison Prize, MIT Program in Science, Technology & Society
  • 2017 Honorary Co-Chair, March for Science[22]
  • 2017 Storied Women of M.I.T.[23]

Past positions
  • Member of Advisory Council for the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
  • Member of Biology Directorate for the National Science Foundation
  • Member of the Institute of Medicine Committee on Assessing the System for Protecting Human Research Subjects
  • Member of the National Research Council (United States) Committee on the Structure of NIH
  • Member of the congressionally mandated National Science Foundation Committee on the Equal Opportunity in Science and Engineering
  • Board of directors, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2001-2005
  • Member of the Board, Transkaryotic Therapies, 2003-4[17]
  • Chair of the Board, Transkaryotic Therapies, 2005[17]
  • Founding member, Board member, Vice President of the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science
  • Chair, Board of Trustees, Pine Manor College, 2007
  • Member of the US delegation to the Asian-Pacific Economic Conference-Women and the Economy Forum, 2012[17]

Current positions
  • National Research Council (United States) Standing Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine (CWSEM)
  • National Research Council (United States) Committee on Underrepresented Groups
  • National Research Council (United States) Committee on the Expansion of the Science and Engineering Workforce Pipeline
  • Member of the Board, Massachusetts Life Sciences Center[17]
  • Member of the Board, ATCC (company), (Chair of the Executive Committee)[17]
  • Member of the Board of Trustees, Keck Graduate Institute, The Claremont Consortium, Claremont California
  • Member of the Board, Biomedical Careers Program
  • Fellow of the Association for Women in Science[17]
  • Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science[17]
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References
  1. Shury, Nzinga (4 April 2014). "Hooray for women in STEM! Meet Lydia Villa-Komaroff 2013 Women of Distinction". American Association of University Women. aauw.org. Retrieved 7 Nov 2014.
  2. Lydia Villa-Komaroff. Independence (KY): Gale, Cenage Learning. 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-03-20. Retrieved 11 Mar 2014.
  3. Weiler, Nicholas (30 July 2014). "Lydia Villa-Komaroff Learned in the Lab 'What It Might Be Like to Fly'". The ASCB Post. The American Society for Cell Biology. ascb.org. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  4. "Biography of Lydia Villa-Komaroff".
  5. "CEOSE - Member Biography: Dr. Lydia Villa-Komaroff". Committee on Equal Opportunities in Science and Engineering (CEOSE), National Science Foundation. nsf.gov. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  6. "Education, Preparation & Passion: Lydia Villa-Komaroff, Ph.D." Color Magazine. Archived from the original on 2014-03-11. Retrieved 11 Mar 2014.
  7. Villa-Komaroff, L; Efstratiadis, A; Broome, S; Lomedico, P; Tizard, R; Naber, SP; Chick, WL; Gilbert, W (Aug 1978). "A bacterial clone synthesizing proinsulin". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 75 (8): 3727–31. Bibcode:1978PNAS...75.3727V. doi:10.1073/pnas.75.8.3727. PMC 392859. PMID 358198.
  8. Hall, Stephen S. (1987). Invisible Frontiers: The Race to Synthesize a Human Gene. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 9780871131478.
  9. "Discovering Women" – via www.imdb.com.
  10. "Villa-Komaroff to Present SDI and Five Colleges Distinguished Lecture". University of Massachusetts Amherst. 27 Mar 2014. Retrieved 7 Nov 2014.
  11. Rosen, KM; McCormack, MA; Villa-Komaroff, L; Mower, G (Jun 1992). "Brief visual experience induces immediate early gene expression in the cat visual cortex". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89 (5437–5431): 5437–41. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.5437R. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5437. PMC 49307. PMID 1376920.
  12. Yankner, BA; Benowitz, LI; Villa-Komaroff, L; Neve, RL (1990). "Transfection of the human GAP-43 gene in PC12 cells: effects on neurite outgrowth and regeneration". Mol Brain Res. 7 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1016/0169-328x(90)90071-k. PMID 2153893.
  13. Yankner, BA; Dawes, LR; Fisher, S; Villa-Komaroff, L; Oster-Granite, ML; Neve, RL (1989). "Neurotoxicity of a fragment of the amyloid precursor associated with Alzheimer's disease". Science. 245 (4916): 417–420. Bibcode:1989Sci...245..417Y. doi:10.1126/science.2474201. PMID 2474201.
  14. Stange MZ, Oyster CK, Sloan JE (2011). Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications, Inc. p. 151. ISBN 9781412976855.
  15. "Lydia Villa-Komaroff Among 100 Most Influential Hispanics in America". Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research. 16 Oct 2003. Retrieved 11 Mar 2014.
  16. Vitetta ES. (2011). American Women of Science Since 1990. Santa Barbara (CA): ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 941. ISBN 9781598841589. Retrieved 11 Mar 2014.
  17. "Board of Directors". Massachusetts Life Sciences Center. 2014. Retrieved 7 Nov 2014.
  18. Molina J. (7 Jan 2009). "Breaking Barriers: World-Renowned Molecular Biologist Blazes New Trails". Hispanic Business. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 Mar 2014.
  19. "Regis College announces two honorary degree recipients and commencement speaker". Regis College. 15 Apr 2010. Retrieved 11 Mar 2014.
  20. Lang M. (9 Jun 2011). "WEST honors four women technology leaders". Boston Business Journal. Retrieved 11 Mar 2014.
  21. MAKERS. "Lydia Villa-Komaroff". MAKERS.
  22. "March for Science Announces Three Honorary National Co-Chairs". March for Science. marchforscience.com. 30 March 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  23. "Storied Women of MIT: Lydia Villa-Komaroff" [video]. Teaching Excellence at MIT. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. teachingexcellence.mit.edu. "Storied Women of MIT is a series of 60-second historical profiles of MIT students, researchers, and staff that demonstrates the role of women at the Institute from its founding to today." Retrieved 22 April 2017.
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