Lunar module

A lunar module is a lunar lander designed to allow astronauts to travel between a spacecraft in lunar orbit and the lunar surface. As of 2020, Apollo Lunar Module was the only lunar module ever used in human spaceflight. Being carried atop a Saturn V launch vehicle,[1] the Apollo LM was used for the Apollo program from 1969 to 1972.

LK (left) and Apollo LM (right)

The LK module was developed in the 1960s as a part of several Soviet crewed lunar programs. Several LK modules were flown without crew in Earth orbit, but no LK ever reached the Moon. The development of the N1 launch vehicle required for the lunar flight suffered setbacks (including several launch failures), and the first Moon landings were achieved by US astronauts. As a result, both the N1 and the LK programs were canceled without any further development.

Proposed lunar modules

• Altair (spacecraft), a proposed lunar module for the Constellation program previously known as the Lunar Surface Access Module
• Human Landing System, a class of proposed lunar modules for NASA's Artemis program
  • Boeing Lunar Lander, proposed by Boeing
  • Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander, proposed by Lockheed Martin
  • Starship HLS, proposed by SpaceX
• Luna-Glob, a lunar exploration program by the Russian Federal Space Agency
• XEUS, a lunar module being developed by United Launch Alliance and Masten Space Systems

See also

• List of crewed lunar lander designs
• Moon landing

References

1. NASA

External links

• NASA report on the Apollo 11 Lunar Module