Lucy Covington

Lucy Covington
Lucy Covington
Born	November 24, 1910
Died	September 20, 1982 (aged 71); Nespelem, Washington

Lucy Friedlander Covington (November 24, 1910 – September 20, 1982) was a Native American tribal leader and political activist.[1] She was a member of the Colville tribe which has a reservation in north-eastern Washington state.[2] Covington was the granddaughter of the last Colville chief (Chief Moses) to be acknowledged by the tribe.[2] She was the daughter of Nellie Moses and Louis T. Friedlander, Sr.[3]

Political activism

In the 1950s, termination became the governmental policy when dealing with Indians, and officials were describing the procedure as "Indian emancipation from oppressive supervision."[1] However, the reality of the situation was much darker because termination would entail the loss of tribal land which was essential to Colville and Native American Identity.[1] When the termination bill for the Colville was proposed, Covington saw that her tribe was in danger of losing what she viewed as the Indian’s most vital asset.[4] Through the use of self-determination she waged a war on the government and the termination bill.[2]

One problem Covington faced from the beginning of her struggle was the fact that many tribal members thought that termination would be "modern and productive.[2]" She had been on the tribal council since 1956, and many other members favored termination.[1] Instead of giving in to governmental pressure, Covington went to great lengths to protect tribal lands. She sold some of her cattle (a vital component of her livelihood considering she lived on a ranch), and used the money to fund her repeated trips to Washington, D.C. where she fought to prevent Senator Henry M. Jackson of Washington from passing the termination bill.[2] Covington utilized unique methods and strategies to gain support for her cause. With her magnetic personality, she organized younger members in the tribe to assist in her efforts, and even helped create a Colville newspaper titled Our Heritage.[1] This helped raise awareness for her campaign and also stood as a dedication to Indian culture. Whenever a tribal council member would present an outline for termination to Congress, Covington protested, and in 1968, she created an anti-termination platform for the tribal election.[2] She enlisted the help of the Menominee leader Jim White to speak to her tribe about the actual effects of termination, and after all of her lobbying, anti-termination advocates won a majority of the seats in the election.[2]

Covington had successfully changed her tribal mindset, and the new council stamped out the termination bill for good in 1971.[1] Through individual activism and determination, Covington helped keep Colville tribal sovereignty intact, and her persistence halted the liquidation and dismemberment of the Colville reservation.

Legacy

After the termination struggle, Covington "worked with characteristic determination to protect tribal rights and resources, develop tribal services, govern the reservation for the benefit of tribe members, and promote inter tribal cooperation.[1]" Not only was she an example of Native American self-determination in action, she was a founder of the movement itself, and her efforts (along with Ada Deer and other civil rights leaders) engendered a shift of U.S. policy from termination to independence and autonomy.[1] When she was seventy-one years old, Lucy Covington died of pulmonary fibrosis.[1]

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References

Ware, Susan (2005-02-09) [2004]. "C". In Stacy Braukman (ed.). Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, Completing the Twentieth Century (Google Book Search). Notable American Women. 5. New York, NY: Harvard University Press. pp. 137–138. ISBN 978-0-674-01488-6. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Wilkinson, Charles F. "Part Three: Foundations for Self-Determination, Section 8: Turning Points". Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations (Amazon Online Reader). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 179–182. ISBN 978-0-393-05149-0.
https://www.historylink.org/File/20404
Ackerman, Lillian A. (2003). A Necessary Balance: Gender and Power Among Indians of the Columbia Plateau (Google Book Search). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3485-7. Retrieved 2008-10-20.

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[naw-1] Ware, Susan (2005-02-09) [2004]. "C". In Stacy Braukman (ed.). Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, Completing the Twentieth Century (Google Book Search). Notable American Women. 5. New York, NY: Harvard University Press. pp. 137–138. ISBN 978-0-674-01488-6. Retrieved 2008-10-20.

[wilkinson-2] Wilkinson, Charles F. "Part Three: Foundations for Self-Determination, Section 8: Turning Points". Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations (Amazon Online Reader). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 179–182. ISBN 978-0-393-05149-0.

[3] ttps://www.historylink.org/File/20404

[ackerman-4] Ackerman, Lillian A. (2003). A Necessary Balance: Gender and Power Among Indians of the Columbia Plateau (Google Book Search). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3485-7. Retrieved 2008-10-20.