Louis Paul Cailletet

Louis-Paul Cailletet (21 September 1832 – 5 January 1913) was a French physicist and inventor.

Louis Paul Cailletet
Louis Paul Cailletet
Born(1832-09-21)21 September 1832
Châtillon-sur-Seine, Côte-d'Or
Died5 January 1913(1913-01-05) (aged 80)
NationalityFrance
Known forLiquefaction of gases
AwardsDavy Medal (1878)
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics

Life and work

Cailletet was born in Châtillon-sur-Seine, Côte-d'Or. Educated in Paris, Cailletet returned to Châtillon to manage his father's ironworks. In an effort to determine the cause of accidents that occurred while tempering incompletely forged iron, Cailletet found that heating the iron put it in a highly unstable state, with gases dissolved in it. He then analyzed the gases from blast furnaces, which helped him understand the role of heat in the changes of states (phases) of metals. This brought him to the work of liquefying the various gases.

Cailletet succeeded in producing droplets of liquid oxygen[1] in 1877 by a different method than Raoul Pictet: He used the Joule-Thomson effect; oxygen was cooled while highly compressed, then allowed to rapidly expand, cooling it further, resulting in the production of small droplets of liquid oxygen.[2]

Among his other achievements, Cailletet installed a 300-m/985-ft high manometer on the Eiffel Tower; conducted an investigation of air resistance on falling bodies; made a study of a liquid-oxygen breathing apparatus for high-altitude ascents; and developed numerous devices, including automatic cameras, an altimeter, and air-sample collectors for sounding-balloon studies of the upper atmosphere.

gollark: I can tell you that my entry:- will be submitted- will be written in C or Python- will contain integers for at least the I/O part- will multiply square n * n matrices- will run in either less than, more than or equal to O(n²²¹¹³¹³¹³⁴) time and O((log n)⁶) space- may or may not invoke certain dark bee gods- will be compatible with Linux and potentially other OSes- could contain instances of SCP-3443- will be between (inclusive) 0KB and 20KB (main code file)- may utilize electromagnetic, logical or philosophical induction
gollark: Yes. You know how it is, one moment you're writing a reasonable program with comments and such but the next you accidentally start dropping in Greek identifier names, monoids, and stack frame meddling.
gollark: Reminder that osmarkslisp™ is in the public domain (because I say so and that is* how licensing works) and available here: https://github.com/osmarks/random-stuff/blob/master/list-sort.py
gollark: I don't actually know how to do variably sized 2D arrays; you can always convert them in your code.
gollark: It was determined that 2D arrays were "annoying" and "beelike".

See also

References
  1. Cailletet, L (July 1885). "The Liquefaction Of Oxygen". Science. 6 (128): 51–52. Bibcode:1885Sci.....6...51C. doi:10.1126/science.ns-6.128.51. PMID 17806947.
  2. For biographical and scientific details, see Sloan, T. O'Connor (1920). Liquid Air and the Liquefaction of Gases. New York: Norman W. Henley. pp. 173–202.
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