Littlewood's Tauberian theorem

In mathematics, Littlewood's Tauberian theorem is a strengthening of Tauber's theorem introduced by John Edensor Littlewood (1911).

Statement

Littlewood showed the following: If a_n = O(1/n ), and as x ↑ 1 we have

${\displaystyle \sum a_{n}x^{n}\to s,}$

then

${\displaystyle \sum a_{n}=s.}$

Hardy and Littlewood later showed that the hypothesis on a_n could be weakened to the "one-sided" condition a_n ≥ –C/n for some constant C. However in some sense the condition is optimal: Littlewood showed that if c_n is any unbounded sequence then there is a series with |a_n| ≤ |c_n|/n which is divergent but Abel summable.

History

Littlewood (1953) described his discovery of the proof of his Tauberian theorem. Alfred Tauber's original theorem was similar to Littlewoods, but with the stronger hypothesis that a_n=o(1/n). Hardy had proved a similar theorem for Cesàro summation with the weaker hypothesis a_n=O(1/n), and suggested to Littlewood that the same weaker hypothesis might also be enough for Tauber's theorem. In spite of the fact that the hypothesis in Littlewood's theorem seems only slightly weaker than the hypothesis in Tauber's theorem, Littlewood's proof was far harder than Tauber's, though Jovan Karamata later found an easier proof.

Littlewood's theorem follows from the later Hardy–Littlewood tauberian theorem, which is in turn a special case of Wiener's tauberian theorem, which itself is a special case of various abstract Tauberian theorems about Banach algebras.

Examples

References

• Korevaar, Jacob (2004), Tauberian theory. A century of developments, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 329, Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10225-1, ISBN 978-3-540-21058-0
• Littlewood, J. E. (1953), "A mathematical education", A mathematician's miscellany, London: Methuen, MR 0872858
• Littlewood, J. E. (1911), "The converse of Abel's theorem on power series" (PDF), Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 9 (1): 434–448, doi:10.1112/plms/s2-9.1.434