List of temporary broadcasting stations in the United States
List of temporary broadcasting stations in the United States is a review of broadcasting stations which were not issued standard licenses, but instead were given temporary authorizations, to be used for special purposes and limited time periods. In a small number of cases these authorizations were followed by a standard license, or this represented a short-term revival of a previously licensed station. However, in most cases the stations expired immediately after their intended purpose was fulfilled.
Radio stations
Temporary radio stations | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Call | Initial temporary authorization | Location | Owner | Notation[4] | Additional information |
WJY | 7/2/1921 | Hoboken, New Jersey | Radio Corporation of America | "let NY 6/24/21", "temp station, one day operation", "radiophone to broadcast Dempsey-Carpentier fight". | 1600 meters (187 kHz). Longwave station set up to broadcast ringside reports of the Dempsey-Carpentier heavyweight boxing match.[5] |
WPU | 1/22/1922 | Buffalo, New York | Buffalo Courier + Enquirer | "1/20/22 TG from C. C. Cliswold" | 360 meters (833 kHz). The Buffalo Courier reported that "even those totally ignorant of the wireless are to be given an opportunity to hear a concert over the radio" as the newspaper arranged for a January 22, 1922 broadcast from the Elmwood Music Hall provided by the Irving Berlin Music Publishing company of New York.[6][7] |
KDP | 2/5/1922 | Seattle, Washington | Saint James Cathedral | "Fr Radio Inspector Seattle 2/2/22" | Paulist Fathers Donegan and Quinan broadcast a series of sermons beginning on February 5, 1922.[8] (They returned a year later over another temporary station, KFFD in Tacoma.) |
WHO | 2/23/1922 | Kansas City, Missouri | Kansas City Post | "TG from Dick Smith, Mgr Ed, 2/22/22", "temp 2/23-24/22" | Contemporary articles in the Kansas City Post list this station's call letters as "WRW".[9] |
WWS | 3/--/1922 | Pella, Iowa | Fowler Telephone Company | "temp bdcst pend lic" | No reports of this station ever operating, and no regular license was ever issued. |
WBI | 3/10/1922 | Marquette, Michigan | Northern State Normal School | "temp 3/10-11/22" | Used "for special purposes".[10] |
WTB | 3/16/1922 | Evansville, Indiana | Sieffert Electric Co. | "Let from Cong. Luhring 3/6/22", "temp 3/16/22" | Planned concert broadcast by visiting New York Metropolitan Opera prima donna Rosa Ponselle was unable to take place due to an inability to procure vacuum-tubes needed to operate the transmitter.[11][12] |
WSH | 3/--/1922 | New York, New York | Experimenter Information Service | "761 fm NY 3/10/22", "temp 4 days" | |
WMX | 3/--/1922 | Port Huron, Michigan | Port Huron Times Herald | TG 3/20/22 for 3/23/22, and 3/23/23 for 3/27/23. | Station was primarily used to broadcast performances by participants in the Times-Herald "Music Memory" contests.[13] |
WTA | 3/27/1922 | Uhrichsville, Ohio | Board of Trade | "let fm Brd of Trade 3/9/22", "only for one day, March 27, 1922" | The Board of Trade held its annual meeting on this date, but a local newspaper report has no reference to any radio broadcasts.[14] |
WDS | 3/--/1922 | Richmond, Virginia | Mann S. Valentine | "TG 3/27/22", "temp" | Station was reported to be preparing to broadcast a Good Friday service by the All Saints' Episcopal church.[15] |
KDU | 4/--/1922 (?) | Yakima, Washington | Hillman Brothers | Limited information: the KDU call sign was reassigned to a non-broadcast station in May 1922, so this KDU came earlier. | |
WAAT | 4/16/1922 | Jersey City, New Jersey | Jersey Review | "TG 4/15/22", "temp 4/16 + 19/22 pend appli." | 360 meters (833 kHz). Station provided an extensive variety of programming[16] and actually was active until October 1922.[17] On 8/19/1926 a new, regular, station in Jersey City, WKBD, was set up by Jersey Review associate Frank V. Bremer, and a short time later WKBD changed its call sign to WAAT (now WNYM). |
WAAU | 4/16/1922 | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | H. C. Kuser | "TG 4/15/22", "temp 4/16/22" | |
WBAC | 4/28/1922 | Des Moines, Iowa | Kiwanis Club | "TG 4/18/22", "temp 4/28-29/22" [Also 4/28-29/23 on 1050 kHz] | 360 meters (833 kHz). Intention was to broadcast the results of the Drake Relays track and field contests.[18] |
WCAI | 5/13/1922 | Topeka, Kansas | Frank E. Samuel | "TG 5/5/22", "temp 5/13/22", "Amer. Legion Dept. HQ, State" | 360 meters (833 kHz). Station was used to broadcast speeches given at "the state-wide meeting of the [American] Legion and Legion auxiliary officials".[19] |
WDAZ | 6/5/1922 | Scranton, Pennsylvania | American Radio Relay League (Roy C. Ehrhardt, trf Asst), | "5/23/22", "temp June 5, 6, 7, 1922" | Station operated in conjunction with the Scranton Republican's three-day Town Hall Radio Show.[20] |
KDZT | 6/5/1922 | Seattle, Washington | Seattle Radio Association | "761 6/2/22", "temp 6/5-10/22" | Later received a regular broadcasting license, with the same call and owner, August 1, 1922[21] to December 7, 1923.[22] |
WEAL | 6/--/1922 | Des Moines, Iowa (special train) | Mystic Shrine | "TG 5/31/22", "temp to coast and back" | "Two transmitting sets, one of 10 watts power and the other of 100 watts, have been installed in the special car of Illustrious Potentate C. T. Gadd", on a train carrying Des Moines' Za-Ga-Zig temple Shriners to a San Francisco conclave.[23][24] |
WGAG | 6/--/1922 | Milwaukee, Wisconsin | Wisconsin Radio Show | "TG 6/2/22 fr Spearman Lewis, Mgr Dr, Plankington Hotel", "temp". | Advertisement for the Wisconsin Radio Show stated that the exposition, running from June 21 to June 25, 1922, would feature a "broadcasting station in continuous operation".[25] |
WGAX | 6/--/1922 | Washington Court House, Ohio | Radio Electric Company | "6/22/22 fm owner", "temp auth" | Later received a regular broadcasting license, with the same call and owner, September 1922[26] to July 20, 1923.[27] |
WIAM | 7/26/1922 | Dunmore, Pennsylvania | F. M. Tarbox | "letter 7/14/22", "temp 7/26-27/22", "335 S. Blakley St." | The Scranton Republican reported plans to apply for a permanent license, that apparently never took place.[28] |
WJAW | 8/--/1922 | Audubon, Iowa | Reinemund Hardware Company | "TG 8/9/22", "temp" | |
WJAY | 8/--/1922 | Des Moines, Iowa | Iowa State Fair | "let State Dept Agri-Iowa 8/10/22", "temp" | WJAY was "the official Iowa state fair broadcasting station of the Thomas Electric company".[29][30] |
KYG | 10/--/1922 | Portland, Oregon | Radio Service Bureau | Short-term continuation of the original KYG in Portland, licensed to Willard P. Hawley, Jr. from March 28, 1922—October 13, 1922. A Radio Service Bureau advertisement in the October 22, 1922 Oregonian stated "We are now operating KYG the famous Hawley station".[31] | |
WNAZ | 11/10/1922 | Bethlehem, Pennsylvania | Lehigh Radio Co. | "let Radio Inspector Baltimore 11/2/22", "temp 11/10/22" | Appears to be an earlier incarnation of WOAM, which was authorized a few days later. |
WOAM | 11/19/1922 | Bethlehem, Pennsylvania | Arthur F. Breisch | "from Radio Inspector Baltimore 11/15/22", "temp 11/19/22" | 360 meters (833 kHz). Breisch was proprietor of the Lehigh Valley Radio company. The featured concert was the Allentown band's first of the season, and the station helped provide everything "necessary for the broadcasting and receiving of the concert in order that Bandmaster [Martin] Klinger, confined to Sacred Heart hospital, may be able to enjoy the program".[32] |
KFFD | 1/14/1923 | Tacoma, Washington | Saint Patrick's Church | "TG fm Wm. A. Mullens Co. 1/11/23", "temp 1/14-21/23" | Return of Paulist Fathers Donegan and Quinan, who had appeared over temporary station KDP in Seattle the previous year.[33] |
WQAG | 1/19/1923 | Redfield, South Dakota | Frederick L. Legler | "TG 1/18/23 from Charles M. C. Woodland", "1/19/23 only" | |
WSAM | 3/20/1923 | Milton, Wisconsin | Milton College (A. G. Sayre) | "TG from owner 3/19/23", "temp 3/20-21/23" | Attempt to broadcast a high school basketball tournament held at the college was reportedly "a complete failure".[34] |
WRAQ | 5/7/1923 | Haddonfield, New Jersey | Bancroft School (Dr. E. A. Farrington) | "5/5/23" for "5/7-10/23" plus "4/28/24" for "5/11-17/24" | Reportedly used to broadcast events during the school's commencements.[35] Contemporary reports state that the authorizations were used for daily broadcasts conducted by John L. Barnes, as part of the town's annual Child Welfare Week activities.[36] |
WTAV | 10/--/1923 | Richmond, Virginia | Sydnor Pump & Well Co. | "temp see case 2190NR 10-1-23" | 1070 kHz. |
KFLC | 10/--/1923 | Dallas, Texas | State Fair of Texas | "TG fm R. A. Hall, 2913 Live Oak St., Dallas, Texas, 10/13/23", "2 weeks" | |
KFMB | 11/--/1923 | Little Rock, Arkansas | Christian Churches of Little Rock | "TG H. L. Remmell 11/3/23", "temp pend lic" | 1180 kHz. Later received a regular broadcast license, with the same call and owner, November 1923[37] to June 1, 1925.[38] |
WCBP | 4/8/1924 | Dixon, Illinois | Dixon Evening Telegraph (George B. Shaw) | "let 3/20/24", "temp 4/8/24" | 1150 kHz. A primary election was held on April 8th, but the newspaper's issues during this period make no mention of operating a radio station. |
WCBS | 4/8/1924 | Macomb, Illinois | Macomb Journal | "TG 4/7/24", "temp 4/8/24, 11/4/24" | 1330 kHz. |
KFPZ | 4/24/1924 | Bay City, Michigan | Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks | "TG fm Elks Bay City 4/23/24", "temp 4/24/24 one day" | |
KFPJ | 4/25/1924 | Huron, South Dakota | Merle Buck | "4/20/24", "temp 4/25/24" | 1220 kHz. An ultimately "rather embarrassing" unsuccessful attempt[39] to implement "an entirely new method of gathering election returns and broadcasting them over the entire state".[40] |
WDBM | 5/10/1924 | Fort Wayne, Indiana | Robert Dreisbach | "TG 5/6/24", "temp 5/10/24 3:00 to 6:00 PM" | 860 kHz. |
WDBG | 5/30/1924 | Gettysburg, Pennsylvania | Gettysburg College | "SR Baltimore, 4/28/24", "temp 5/30/24, 11/11/24" | Used to broadcast ceremonies related to Memorial Day and Armistice Day.[41][42] |
WEBB | 6/--/1924 | Portland, Maine | RCA Exhibit | "fr G. H. Clark 6/20/24", "temp one week" | |
WEBF | 7/12/1924 | Dayton, Ohio | East Dayton Electric Company | "let from Cong. Fitzgerald 7/2/24", "temp 7/12/24" | 1170 kHz. |
WEBM | 8/27/1924 | Detroit, Michigan | Detroit Yacht Club | "let 8/19/24", "temp 8/27/24 to 9/1/24" | |
WEBN | 9/6/1924 | Estes Park, Colorado, | Boy Scouts of America | "fm Jas E. West 8/28/24", "temp week 9/6/24", "Sys-Western Elec Co, 50 watts" | 1300 kHz. |
KFRK | 10/15/1924 | Des Moines, Iowa | Iowa Federation of Labor | "TG fm J. C. Lewis, Iowa Fed Labor, 10/14/24", "temp 10/15/24" | |
WBAH | 11/1/1924 | Minneapolis, Minnesota | The Dayton Company | "temp 11/1/24". | 720 kHz. This was a revival of a standard broadcasting station, with the same call and owner, that had been licensed from April 21, 1922[43] to September 5, 1924.[44] |
WFBP | 11/18/1924 | Chatham, Ohio | H. J. Kohji | "TG 11/18/24", "temp 11/18/24" | |
WNOR | 12/10/1924 | New Orleans, Louisiana | New Orleans Radio Assoc. | "let fm SR New Orleans 11/18/24", "temp one week beg 12/10/24" | 1260 kHz. Provided daily broadcasts from the New Orleans Radio Show, including the broadcasting of a radio wedding.[45][46] |
WGBP | 1/15/1925 | Tampa, Florida | M. L. Price Music Company | "761 fm SR Atlanta", "temp 1/15-20/25, 10/6/25", "339 Plant Ave., 50 watts" | 1200 kHz. |
WGBV | 2/6/1925 | Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania | Monroe County Newspapers (Colley S. Baker, editor) | "TG 2/3/25", "temp 2/6-7/25" | |
WADC | 2/19/1925 | Akron, Ohio | Automobile Dealers Company | "TG from Frank O'Neill 2/16/25", "temp 2/19-28/25, 2/28-3/3/25", "auth ext TG to G. J. Harter on request of cong Davy" | 1210 kHz. Station was used in conjunction with local auto show.[47] In March 1925 this station received a regular license, still as WADC, assigned to the Allen Theater, which is now WARF. |
WHBZ | 4/2/1925 | Anderson, South Carolina | J. A. Mitchell | "TG 4/1/25", "temp 4/2/25" | 1090 kHz. |
WIBB | 3/5/1925 | Freeport, Illinois | Ridgeway Electric Company | "TG Ridgeway 3/3/25", "temp 3/5-6-7/25" | 1360 kHz. |
KFVP | 5/10/1925 | Omaha, Nebraska (portable) | Chamber of Commerce (Omaha) | "TG from Chamber of Commerce 5/5/25", "5/10/25-5/24/25" | 1090 kHz. The twenty-seventh annual trade tour of the Omaha Chamber of Commerce operated "America's only broadcasting station on a passenger train"[48] at stops along the way as they traveled by rail though Nebraska, South Dakota and Wyoming.[49] |
KFVP | 5/24/1925 | Sioux Falls, South Dakota (portable) | Chamber of Commerce (Sioux Falls) | "TG from Chamber of Commerce, Sioux Falls 5/19/25", "5/24/25-5/29/25" | 1090 kHz. Assorted reports detailed the travels by rail of the "Sunshiners five-day booster trip", that started in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and continued through the Black Hills of that state. The same radio equipment used earlier in the month by the Omaha Chamber of Commerce was now employed to "broadcast news talks and snappy musical numbers every evening during the trip".[50][51] |
WGHS | 6/23/1925 | Gardenville, New York | Gardenville High Sch. (Lester Eggleston) | "6/17/25", "temp one day 6/23/25" | Used to broadcast school commencement exercises.[52] |
KFWL | 8/--/1925 | Pai Maui, Hawaii | C. L. Ludin | "fm San Francisco 6/22/25", "Wedn evening, Aug. and Sept. 1925" | |
KUPR | 8/12/1925 | Omaha, Nebraska | Union Pacific Railroad (portable, moving train) | "res 7/23/25, deleted 9/11/25", "45 days from 8/12/25", "1416 Dodge St." | 1110 kHz. Reports about the Calf Club Special train (which used some of the same equipment previously used by KFVP), reviewed the itinerary of its "tour to every vital point of agricultural Nebraska" while employing the "latest innovation in mobile broadcast stations".[53][54] |
KRCA | 9/5/1925 | Los Angeles, California | Radio Corporation of America | First assignment was "temp one week 9/5/25-9/9/25". Three more assignments followed, all listed as 100 watts on 983 kHz: San Francisco, 8/21/26-8/28/26; Los Angeles, 9/5/26-9/11/26; and Riverside, 9/--/26.[55] | KRCA employed a portable transmitter that was transported to the individual locations. Numerous articles reviewed its activities at four different fairs and expositions.[56] |
WJBJ | 9/14/1925 | Butler, Pennsylvania | Walter Morris | "9/9/25", "temp one day 9/14/25" | |
WJBH | 10/--/1925 | Rocky Mount, North Carolina | Evening Telegram | "SR Atlanta 9/29/25", "temp 15 days in October", "10 watts". | 1220 kHz. It does not appear this station ever operated, as the October 1925 issues of the Evening Telegram make no mention of it. |
WDAL | 10/--/1925 | Jacksonville, Florida | Florida Times-Union | "fr owner 10/2/25", "temp auth during World Series" | This was a revival of a standard broadcasting station,[57] with the same call and owner, that had been licensed from May 19, 1922[58] to December 22, 1923.[59] |
WJBM | 10/19/1925 | Battle Creek, Michigan | Michigan Enquirer News | "10/1/25","temp 10/19-21/25", "10 watts, range 1 mile". | 1220 kHz. Station operated in conjunction with a newspaper-sponsored radio equipment show.[60] Eleven months later, on September 18, 1926, the Enquirer and News was issued a regular radio station license with the call letters WKBP (now WBFN). |
WLFQ | 1/4/1926 | Chelsea, Massachusetts | Lawrence F. Quigley (Mayor of Chelsea) | "req 12/31/25", "temp 1/4/26 night only" | 1320 kHz. Used to broadcast ceremonies for the start of Mayor Quigley's fifth term as mayor of Chelsea.[61] |
WJBS | 5/3/1926 | Auburn, New York | George I. Stevens | "4/23/26", "temp one day 5/3/26", "50 watts" | 1260 kHz. |
WLBD | 11/15/1926 | Erie, Pennsylvania | Dispatch-Herald | "let 11/4/26", "auth 11/15-20/26, auth 11/23/26 cont oper", "canc call let 5/13/27-no reply to letters" | |
WNBV | 5/28/1927 | Baraboo, Wisconsin | Young Men's Christian Association | "operate one night 5/28/27" | 1500 kHz. |
KGGU | 5/27/1928 | San Francisco, California | San Francisco Post Enquirer | "temp one day 5/27/28" | |
KGHQ | 7/4/1928 | Oakland, California | U S Army, Col. C. P. Mader, Chairman Parade Committee | "call assigned upon TG request", "temp 7/4/28 only" | 590 kHz. An Oakland Tribune review of the upcoming Independence Day parade noted that participants were planning to "carry its own broadcasting equipment to transmit to thousands of radios the music of numerous army, navy, marine corps and veteran's bands participating in the procession".[62] |
WTBF | 8/10/1928 | Skowhegan, Maine | Blin Page | "temp ten days from 8/10/28" | 1460 kHz. |
KGIE | 10/2/1928 | Milwaukee, Wisconsin | Wisconsin Radio Trade Association | "temp 10/2/28 to 10/7/28" | 1500 kHz. The Milwaukee Journal reported that "Another feature will be a 'Quiet Mystery Dance', in which the dancers will wear headphones to hear the dance music. The dance floor itself will be devoid of music. For this purpose a special permit to operate a 7½ watt transmitter was granted by the federal radio commission to the W. R. T. A. It will operate under the call letters KGIE and will utilize the 200-meter wave length."[63] |
gollark: I disagree.
gollark: We are managing excellent reminder throughput.
gollark: Also, CONSIDER graphical graphs.
gollark: Imagine not not not playing Minecraft.
gollark: I suppose most people won't do that, though.
References
- "Gone But Not Forgotten" (WAAT cartoon), Radio News, July 1923, page 29.
- KFFD (advertisement), Tacoma (Washington) Daily Ledger, January 16 1923, page 5.
- KRCA advertisement, Riverside (California) Daily Press, September 17, 1926, page 2.
- Notes for individual stations placed on two sets of cards (by call letter and city) maintained by government regulators, and filed in the deleted stations sections. These card files were started by the Department of Commerce in 1921, and were replaced after 1928, when the government switched to a new card file organization. Some abbreviations include: "RI" and "SR" for regional "radio inspector" and that position's later title, "supervisor of radio"; "TG" for "telegram"; and "761" for a submitted "Form 761: Applicant's Description of Apparatus".
- "Voice-Broadcasting the Stirring Progress of the 'Battle of the Century' ", The Wireless Age, August 1921, pages 11-21.
- "Jazz By Wireless Concert Feature", Buffalo Courier, January 21, 1922, page 8. (This account states that the station's call letters were "WPN".)
- WPU reports in the Buffalo Courier (January 21,1922—January 23, 1922)
- KDP reports in the Seattle Times (January 29, 1922—February 15, 1922)
- "History of 'WRW'" by Mark Roberts, 1996.
- Northern State Teachers College entry, Education's Own Stations, S. E. Frost, Jr., 1937, page 265.
- "Ponselle Party is in City Now", Evansville (Indiana) Courier, March 16,1922, page 4.
- WTB reports in the Evansville Courier (March 7, 1922—March 16, 1922)
- WMX reports in the Port Huron Times-Herald (March 4, 1922—March 25, 1922, March 23, 1923—March 24, 1923)
- "'Re-Christening of Americanism Needed'---Fess", New Philadelphia (Ohio) Daily Times, March 28, 1922, page 1.
- "Richmond Church Music Broadcasted by Radio", Richmond Times-Dispatch, April 12, 1922, page 14.
- "Paper Broadcasts High Class Programme", The Radio Dealer, July 1922, page 76.
- "Radio Station For Journal Sq.", Jersey (City) Journal, August 5, 1926, page 1.
- WBAC newspaper reports (April 21, 1922—April 23, 1922)
- "To Broadcast His Address", Arkansas City Daily Traveler, May 10, 1922, page 8.
- "License Granted Local Station", Scranton (Pennsylvania) Republican, May 27, 1922, page 13.
- "New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, August 1, 1922, page 3.
- "Strike out all particulars", Radio Service Bulletin, January 2, 1924, page 7.
- "Shrine Special to Have Radio", Des Moines Register, June 6, 1922, page 14.
- WEAL newspaper articles (June 6, 1922—July 14, 1922)
- "Wisconsin Radio Show" (advertisement), Radio Age, June 1922, page 33.
- "New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, October 2, 1922, page 3.
- "Strike out all particulars", Radio Service Bulletin, August 1, 1923, page 8.
- "Broadcasting Station Seeks Permanent License", Scranton (Pennsylvania) Republican, August 5, 1922, page 5.
- "Will Broadcast Musical Program", Des Moines (Iowa) Evening Tribune, August 20, 1922, page 1.
- WJAY newspaper reports (August 20, 1922—August 25, 1922)
- Radio Service Bureau (advertisement), (Portland) Oregonian, October 22, 1922, Section 5, page 8:
- "Program For Allentown Band Concert Sunday", Allentown (Pennsylvania) Morning Call, November 18, 1922, page 5.
- KFFD reports in the Tacoma Daily Ledger (January 15, 1923—January 20, 1923)
- Milton College entry, Education's Own Stations, S. E. Frost, Jr., 1937, page 211.
- Bancroft School entry, Education's Own Stations, S. E. Frost, Jr., 1937, page 29.
- WRAQ newspaper reports (May 6, 1923—May 10, 1923, May 10, 1924—May 13, 1924)
- "New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, December 1, 1923, page 3.
- "Strike out all particulars", Radio Service Bulletin, July 1, 1925, page 10.
- "Breakdown of Radio Spoils Broadcasting", Evening (South Dakota) Huronite, March 26, 1924, page 2
- KFPJ reports in the Evening Huronite (March 21, 1924—March 26, 1924)
- Gettysburg College entry, Education's Own Stations, S. E. Frost, Jr., 1937, page 107.
- WDBG newspaper reports (May 27, 1924—May 31, 1924, November 1, 1924—November 20, 1924)
- "New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, May 1, 1922, page 3.
- "Strike out all particulars", Radio Service Bulletin, October 1, 1924, page 6.
- "Thousands Hear Radio Wedding", New Orleans States, December 4, 1924, page 1.
- WNOR newspaper reports (November 9, 1924—December 5, 1924)
- "Radio Opens Auto Show at Akron", Cleveland Plain Dealer, February 22, 1925, page 9.
- "Call Trade Trippers Rainmakers in North", Omaha World-Herald, May 16, 1925, page 4.
- KFVP (Omaha) newspaper reports (May 7, 1925—May 16, 1925)
- "State College Band Men Will Accompany Sunshiners to Hills", (Mitchell, South Dakota) Evening Republican, May 23, 1925, page 10.
- KFVP (Sioux Falls) newspaper reports (May 23, 1925—May 26, 1925)
- Gardenville High School entry, Education's Own Stations, S. E. Frost, Jr., 1937, page 104.
- "Calf Club Special Will Have Own Radio", Omaha (Nebraska) World-Herald, August 22, 1925, page 11.
- KUPR reports in the Omaha World-Herald (June 28, 1925—October 25, 1925)
- "New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, July 31, 1926, page 3.
- KRCA newspaper reports (September 3, 1925—December 22, 1926)
- "Series to Be Broadcast Play By Play" (AP), Saint Petersburg (Florida) Times, October 3, 1925, Section 2, page 2.
- "New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, June 1, 1922, page 3.
- "Delete all particulars", Radio Service Bulletin, January 2, 1924, page 7.
- "WELL Was One of Pioneers in Radio Industry", Battle Creek (Michigan) Enquirer and News, November 22, 1940, page 23.
- "Chelsea", Boston Herald, January 5, 1922, page 7.
- "Planes Will Be in Fourth of July Celebration", Oakland Tribune, July 2, 1928, page 3.
- "Dealers' Convention Is Part of 1928 Radio-Music Exposition", Milwaukee Journal, September 23, 1928, page 10.
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