List of Latvian words borrowed from Old East Slavic

This is a list of Latvian words borrowed from Old East Slavic (or its dialects where particularly ts–ch are merged) during 8th–13th centuries.

Principalities of Kievan Rus', 1054–1132

Dating

Sound changes in OES[1]
Date	Change	Examples
800^±50	no liquid diphthongs	before: xolpъ : kalps [kal̃ps], xormъ : kārms
825^±25	no nasals	...
...	...	before: у/ѫ : uo after: у/ѫ : ū, у : u
...	...	ѧ : ē [ę̃]
988?	yat ..?	before: ѣ : ē [ę̃] after: ѣ : ie
1200^±50	yers fall	before: ь : i, ъ : u after: ь₁ : ?, ъ₁ : ?, ь₀/ъ₀ : _

Comparison of letters

Vowels
Old East Slavic Latvian	ъ—ь u—i	о—а a—a/ā	у o/ū	ѫ—ѧ o—ē	е—ѣ e—ē/iẽ	и ī/i/ìe	ꙑ ui

Consonants
Old East Slavic Latvian	р—л r—l	н—м—в n—m—v	б—п b—p	д—т d—t	з—с z—s	ж—ц ž—c	г—к—х g—k—k

Other
Old East Slavic Latvian	лꙗ ļa	ꙗ jã	кꙑ ķī	хꙑ ķī

List of words

List structure:

Old East Slavic: Latvian "meaning"
[] contain alternative/other form

Orthodoxy

крьстъ: krusts [krists] "cross"[2]. Possibly 'u' from Latin crux "cross".
божьница: baznīca [baznîca] "church".[3][2]
говѣти: gavēt [gavêt] "to fast"[2]
грамота: grāmata [grãmata] "book"[3][2]
грѣхъ: grēks [grę̀ks] "sin"[3][2]
хоругꙑ: karogs [karuõgs] "flag, banner"[3][2]
недѣлꙗ: nedēļa [nedẽļa] "week"[3][2]
*свѧтъкъ [свꙗтокъ]: svētki [svę̀tki] "holiday, celebration"[3][2]
свѧтъ: svēts [svę̀ts] "holy, sacred"[3][2]
звонъ: zvans "bell"
поганъ: pagãns "pagan, heathen". Alternatively from Latin.[3]

Society/government

рубежь: robeža [rùobeža] "border, frontier"[3][2]
сѫдъ: sods [sùods] "penalty, punishment".[3][2]
тълкъ: tulks [tũlks, tul̃ks] "interpreter, translator"[3][2]
погостъ: pagasts "parish?"[2]
право: prāva [prāvas] "lawsuit?"[2]
пълкъ: pulks [pùlks, pul̂ks] "regiment"[3][2]
страдати: strādāt [stràdât] "to work"[3][2]
человѣкъ [*чьловѣкъ]: cilvēks [cìlvę̃ks] "human, person"[3][2]
мѣсто: miẽsts "village"[3]
боꙗринъ: bajãrs "boyar"[3]
сѫди: sùoģis "judge"[3]

Trading

търгъ: tirgus [tìrgus] "market".[2] Unless related ('ъ' > 'u' is expected).
безмѣнъ: bezmēns [bęzmę̄ns, vęzmę̄ns] "steelyard"[2]
цѣна: cena "price"[2]
мꙑто: muita [muĩta] "customs (duty)"[3][2]
скупъ: skops [skùops] "stingy, miserly"[3][2]

Household

кожухъ: kažoks [kažuõks] "fur coat"[3][2]
мѫка: mokas [muõkas] "torment, agony"[3][2]
сума: soma [suoma] "bag"[2]
истъба: istaba [istuba, ustaba, ustuba] "room (building)"[2]
дуда: dūdas [dũda] "bagpipe"
котьлъ: katls "boiler"[2]
кꙑсель: ķīselis "kissel"[2]
мѧтьлъ: mētelis [mètelis] "coat (garment)"[2]
сапогъ [забогъ]: zābaks (zàbaks) "boot (footwear)".[3][2]
жьзлъ: zizlis [zizls] "wand, baton"[2]
ножь: nazis "knife"
стькло: stikls "glass"[2]

Other

*Кривъ: krìevs "Russian (person)"[3]. Compare Russian кривичи "Krivichs".
пустъ: posts [puõsts][3][2]
богатъ: bagāts [bagâts] "rich, wealthy"[3][2]
думати: domāt [duõmât] "to think"[3]
дума: doma [duõma] "thought, idea, opinion"[3][2]
умъ: oma [uôma] "mood (mind)". Or at least partly inherited.
сулити: solīt [sùolît] "to promise"[3][2]
хꙑтръ: neķītrs "obscene, dirty, lewd"[3]
поваръ: pavārs [pavãrs] "cook"
капуста: kāposti [kàpuõsts] "cabbage"[3][2]
сѣра: sērs [sę̃rs] "sulfur"
бѣда: bēda [bę̀da] "sorrow, grief"[3]

gollark: This person apparently reverse-engineered it statically, not at runtime, but it *can* probably detect if you're trying to reverse-engineer it a bit while running.

gollark: > > App behavior changes slightly if they know you're trying to figure out what they're doing> this sentence makes no sense to me, "if they know"? he's dissecting the code as per his own statement, thus looking at rows of text in various format. the app isn't running - so how can it change? does the app have self-awareness? this sounds like something out of a bad sci-fi movie from the 90's.It's totally possible for applications to detect and resist being debugged a bit.

gollark: > this is standard programming dogma, detailed logging takes a lot of space and typically you enable logging on the fly on clients to catch errors. this is literally cookie cutter "how to build apps 101", and not scary. or, phrased differently, is it scary if all of that logging was always on? obviously not as it's agreed upon and detailed in TikTok's privacy policy (really), so why is it scary that there's an on and off switch?This is them saying that remotely configurable logging is fine and normal; I don't think them being able to arbitrarily gather more data is good.

gollark: > on the topic of setting up a proxy server - it's a very standard practice to transcode and buffer media via a server, they have simply reversed the roles here by having server and client on the client, which makes sense as transcoding is very intensive CPU-wise, which means they have distributed that power requirement to the end user's devices instead of having to have servers capable of transcoding millions of videos.Transcoding media locally is not the same as having some sort of locally running *server* to do it.

gollark: That doesn't mean it's actually always what happens.

References

Bjørnflaten, Jan Ivar (2006). "Chronologies of the Slavicization of Northern Russia Mirrored by Slavic Loanwords in Finnic and Baltic". Slavica Helsingiensia. 27: 65–69.
Infantyev, Boris (2005). "Заимствования в латышском из русского". Балто-славянские культурные связи. Riga: Vedi. p. 18—21.
Young, Steven (2009). "Tone in Latvian borrowings from Old Russian". Stressing the past: Papers on Baltic and Slavic accentology. BRILL. p. 177. Young.