Leinamycin

Leinamycin
Names
	IUPAC name (2R,4′R,6R,9E,11R,13E,15Z)-4′,11-Dihydroxy-2,4′,9-trimethyl-1′-oxospiro[19-thia-3,20-diazabicyclo[15.2.1]icosa-1(20),9,13,15,17-pentaene-6,5′-dithiolane]-3′,4,12-trione
	Other names Streptomyces antibiotic DC-107
Identifiers
CAS Number	120500-15-4;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:80015;
ChemSpider	8024943;
KEGG	C15677;
PubChem CID	9849230;
	InChI InChI=1S/C22H26N2O6S3/c1-13-8-9-22(21(3,29)20(28)32-33(22)30)11-18(27)23-14(2)19-24-15(12-31-19)6-4-5-7-16(25)17(26)10-13/h4-7,10,12,14,17,26,29H,8-9,11H2,1-3H3,(H,23,27)/b6-4-,7-5+,13-10+/t14-,17-,21+,22-,33?/m1/s1 Key: ZHTRILQJTPJGNK-FYBAATNNSA-N;
	SMILES C[C@H]1NC(=O)C[C@@]2(CC\C(C)=C\[C@@H](O)C(=O)\C=C\C=C/c3csc1n3)S(=O)SC(=O)[C@]2(C)O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C22H26N2O6S3
Molar mass	510.64 g·mol−1
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	Infobox references

Leinamycin is an 18-membered macrolactam produced by several species of Streptomyces atroolivaceus. This macrolactam has also been shown to exhibit antitumor properties as well as antimicrobial properties against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.[1] The presence of a spiro-fused 1,3-dioxo-1,2-dithiolane moiety was a unique structural property at the time of this compound's discovery and it plays an important role in leinamycin's antitumor and antibacterial properties due to its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis.[2][3]

Biosynthesis

The seminal proposal for the biosynthesis of leinamycin was published in Chemistry & Biochemistry in 2004.[4] This biosynthesis consists of a discrete and modular NRPS, AT-less PKSs, and PKS modules. NRPS-PKS assembly line dictates the loading of D-Ala to initiate biosynthesis, followed by the loading of L-Cys to the peptidyl carrier protein (PCP). The dipeptide is then cyclized and oxidized to form the thiazonyl-S-PCP intermediate. The thiazonyl intermediate is then transferred to the PKS assembly line where the backbone is elongated by six units. The leinamycin hybrid peptide-polyketide carbon backbone intermediate is then cyclized by the thioesterase domain (TE) to yield intermediate 1. Methylmalonyl-CoA then condenses at the beta-keto group of 1, yielding 2. A series of tailoring enzymes converts 2 to 4, presumably through intermediate 3 to complete the biosynthesis of leinamycin.

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References

Kara, Mitsunobu; Asano, Kozo; Kawamoto, Isao; Takiouchi, Toshimitsu; Katsumata, Shigeo; Takahashi, KEI-Ichi; Nakano, Hirofumi (1989). "Leinamycin, a new antitumor antibiotic from Streptomyces; Producing organism, fermentation and isolation". The Journal of Antibiotics. 42 (12): 1768–1774. doi:10.7164/antibiotics.42.1768. PMID 2621160.
Hara, Mitsunobu; Saitoh, Yutaka; Nakano, Hirofumi (1990). "DNA strand scission by the novel antitumor antibiotic leinamycin". Biochemistry. 29 (24): 5676–5681. doi:10.1021/bi00476a005. PMID 2383554.
Asai, Akira; Hara, Mitsunobu; Kakita, Shingo; Kanda, Yutaka; Yoshida, Mayumi; Saito, Hiromitsu; Saitoh, Yutaka (1996). "Thiol-Mediated DNA Alkylation by the Novel Antitumor Antibiotic Leinamycin". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 118 (28): 6802–6803. doi:10.1021/ja960892w.
Tang, Gong-Li; Cheng, Yi-Qiang; Shen, Ben (2004). "Leinamycin Biosynthesis Revealing Unprecedented Architectural Complexity for a Hybrid Polyketide Synthase and Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase". Chemistry & Biology. 11: 33–45. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2003.12.014.

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[1] Kara, Mitsunobu; Asano, Kozo; Kawamoto, Isao; Takiouchi, Toshimitsu; Katsumata, Shigeo; Takahashi, KEI-Ichi; Nakano, Hirofumi (1989). "Leinamycin, a new antitumor antibiotic from Streptomyces; Producing organism, fermentation and isolation". The Journal of Antibiotics. 42 (12): 1768–1774. doi:10.7164/antibiotics.42.1768. PMID 2621160.

[2] Hara, Mitsunobu; Saitoh, Yutaka; Nakano, Hirofumi (1990). "DNA strand scission by the novel antitumor antibiotic leinamycin". Biochemistry. 29 (24): 5676–5681. doi:10.1021/bi00476a005. PMID 2383554.

[3] Asai, Akira; Hara, Mitsunobu; Kakita, Shingo; Kanda, Yutaka; Yoshida, Mayumi; Saito, Hiromitsu; Saitoh, Yutaka (1996). "Thiol-Mediated DNA Alkylation by the Novel Antitumor Antibiotic Leinamycin". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 118 (28): 6802–6803. doi:10.1021/ja960892w.

[4] Tang, Gong-Li; Cheng, Yi-Qiang; Shen, Ben (2004). "Leinamycin Biosynthesis Revealing Unprecedented Architectural Complexity for a Hybrid Polyketide Synthase and Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase". Chemistry & Biology. 11: 33–45. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2003.12.014.