Lee v. Washington

Lee v. Washington, 390 U.S. 333 (1968), is a United States Supreme Court decision that upheld an appeals court decision to forbid segregation of public prisons.[1]

Lee v. Washington
Argued November 7, 1967
Decided March 11, 1968
Full case nameLee, Commissioner of Corrections of Alabama, et al. v. Washington, et al.
Citations390 U.S. 333 (more)
88 S. Ct. 994; 19 L. Ed. 2d 1212; 1968 U.S. LEXIS 2223
Case history
PriorWashington v. Lee, 263 F. Supp. 327 (N.D. Ala. 1966)
Holding
State jails and prisons may not segregate prisoners based on race.
Court membership
Chief Justice
Earl Warren
Associate Justices
Hugo Black · William O. Douglas
John M. Harlan II · William J. Brennan Jr.
Potter Stewart · Byron White
Abe Fortas · Thurgood Marshall
Case opinions
Per curiam
ConcurrenceBlack, Harlan, and Stewart
Laws applied
14th Amendment, 1st Amendment

Background

The state of Alabama segregated its jails, juvenile jails, and prisons based on race. White prisoners were housed separately from African-American prisoners. In 1966, American Civil Liberties Union leader Charles Morgan, Jr. filed suit against Alabama, asking that the jails and prisons be desegregated. This was 12 years after the landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education which outlawed school segregation.

The United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama found in favor of the prisoners, and ordered Alabama to desegregate its jails and prisons.[2] Alabama had argued that segregation was necessary in order to maintain security and minimize violence, but the Appeals court held that "this Court can conceive of no consideration of prison security or discipline which will sustain the constitutionality of state statutes that on their face require complete and permanent segregation of the races in all the Alabama penal facilities. We recognize that there is merit in the contention that in some isolated instances prison security and discipline necessitates segregation of the races for a limited period. However, recognition of such instances does nothing to bolster the statutes or the general practice that requires or permits prison or jail officials to separate the races arbitrarily. Such statutes and practices must be declared unconstitutional in light of the clear principles controlling."

Opinion of the Court

Alabama appealed to the Supreme Court, which upheld the Appeals court decision in a very brief per curiam opinion. Justices Black, Harlan, and Stewart collectively wrote a concurring opinion in which they explicitly say that "prison authorities have the right, acting in good faith and in particularized circumstances, to take into account racial tensions in maintaining security, discipline, and good order in prisons and jails."

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See also

References
  1. Lee v. Washington, 390 U.S. 333 (1968).
  2. Washington v. Lee, 263 F. Supp. 327 (N.D. Ala. 1966).
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