Lasioglossum vierecki

Lasioglossum vierecki, also known as Dialictus vierecki and Halictus vierecki,[1] is a sand sweat bee and is part of the family Halictidae of the order Hymenoptera.[2] It is found in the eastern half of North America from Minnesota to the New England States down to Georgia and Louisiana[3] and up in Manitoba and Ontario.[4] Commonly found in sandy areas,[4] it pollinates various flowers such as grass-leaved goldenrod (Euthamia graminifolia) and rattlesnake master (Eryngium yuccifolium).[5]

Lasioglossum vierecki
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Halictidae
Tribe: Halictini
Genus: Lasioglossum
Species:
L. vierecki
Binomial name
Lasioglossum vierecki
Crawford, 1904

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Lasioglossum vierecki is part of the subfamily Halictinae within the hymenopteran family Halictidae.[6] L. vierecki is the largest species within the halictid subfamily and is composed of five tribes.[7] L. vierecki is part of tribe Halictini, which is made up of over 2000 species.[8] Genus Lasioglossum is informally divided into two series: the Lasioglossum series and the Hemihalictus, of which L. vierecki is part of the former.[9] It is part of the subgenus Dialictus, which is mostly composed of New World species,[10] and is most closely related to L. gundlachii, L. umbripenne, L. parvum, and L. tegulare.[2]

Description and identification
Front of insect head diagram
Hymenoptera morphology

L. vierecki can be distinguished by its extremely hairy, orange-yellow abdomen with clear golden yellow hair on its scutellum, and pits touching the scutellum.[4] There are several other differences from bees that have similar colored abdomen. Its antennae is darker on the bottom half, and the rugae reaches the top of the metathorax, which has narrowly-spaced punctures. Though the abdomen has punctures as well, it does not have a bronze-colored reflection and is not smooth and shiny. The mesonotum, which is the same color as the abdomen, is not smooth and polished in the middle and has small punctures. The first abdominal segment differs from other segments due to its bluer color and punctures. The legs are lighter but not polished.[11]

Females

Female L. vierecki are distinguished by extensively yellow legs with a brown tint on the top half of the clypeus, a pale yellow-brown metasoma, and a very dense, slightly yellow tomentum on the mesosoma, metasomal terga, and head.[12]

Males

Male L. vierecki are recognized by their smaller size and many punctures on the scutum of their middle thoracic segment.[12]

Distribution and habitat

L. vierecki is found in eastern North America from Minnesota to the New England states and south to Louisiana and Georgia[13] as well as in Canada in Manitoba and Ontario.[4] They are known as sand specialist bees, which means that they only nest in sand or only visit plants restricted to sand.[14]

Flowers visited

L. vierecki pollinates several flowers throughout the eastern part of North America. In New Jersey they have been found on Ceanothus, Hydrangea, Rubus, Specularia, Helianthus, Monarda, and Solidago.[4]

In Illinois, they have been found on:[5]

Family Species
Anacardiaceae Rhus copallina
Apiaceae Eryngium yuccifolium, Zizia aurea
Asclepiadaceae Asclepias verticillata
Asteraceae Eupatorium altissimum, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Euthamia graminifolia, Heterotheca subaxillaris, Hieracium caespitosum, Rudbeckia hirta, Solidago canadensis, Solidago nemoralis, Solidago speciosa, Symphyotrichum oolentangiense
Brassicaceae Arabis lyrata
Campanulaceae Triodanis perfoliata
Cistaceae Helianthemum canadense
Commelinaceae Commelina communis
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia corollata
Fabaceae Dalea purpurea, Desmodium glutinosum, Lupinus perennis, Tephrosia virginiana
Hypericaceae Hypericum perforatum, Hypericum punctatum
Lamiaceae Monarda fistulosa, Monarda punctata, Pycnanthemum virginianum
Onagraceae Oenothera biennis
Rosaceae Rubus allegheniensis
Scrophulariaceae Besseya bullii

Behavior and ecology

L. vierecki is considered a solitary bee.[4] These types of bees exhibit solitary behavior, where a female raises the entire brood by herself and lives alone in her own nest. This behavior could have evolved from eusociality.[15]

L. vierecki is active between April and September.[3]

Human importance

Since L. vierecki and other native bees have become more important for agriculture due to the decline in population of honey bees, there are new efforts to sustain and promote these species. Some farmers are now raising native plants that these bees feed from in order to ensure that their farming practices do not negatively affect the native bee population.[16]

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References
  1. various contributors. 2015. Hymenoptera Online (HOL). [Online] Available from . [Accessed 22 September 2015]
  2. Danforth B. N., Conway L., Ji S., (2003). "Phylogeny of Eusocial Lasioglossum Reveals Multiple Losses of Eusociality within a Primitively Eusocial Clade of Bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)" Syst. Biol., 52(1), 23–36.
  3. Mitchell, T.B. 1960 Bees of the Eastern United States. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin No. 141. cited in Eaton, E., (2008) "Species Lasioglossum vierecki - Viereck's Dialictus" (Accessed: September 20, 2015).
  4. Lasioglossum Vierecki. (2015). In Discover Life. Retrieved from (Accessed: September 20, 2015).
  5. Hilty, J. Editor. (2015). Insect Visitors of Illinois Wildflowers. World Wide Web electronic publication. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-26. Retrieved 2015-09-22.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), version (09/2015). (Accessed: September 20, 2015).
  6. Gibbs, J. (2010). Revision of the metallic species of Lasioglossum (Dialictus)in Canada (Hymenoptera, Halictidae, Halictini). Zootaxa; 2591, 346-351. cited in Eaton, E., (2008) "Species Lasioglossum vierecki - Viereck's Dialictus" (Accessed: September 20, 2015).
  7. Schwarz, M. P. et al. (2007). "Changing Paradigms in Insect Social Evolution: Insights from Halictine and Allodapine Bees". Annual Review of Entomology 52: 127–150. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.15095.
  8. Danforth, B. N. et al. (2008). "Phylogeny of Halictidae with emphasis on endemic African Halictinae" (PDF). Apidologie 39: 86–101. doi:10.1051/apido:2008002.
  9. Michener, C.D. (2000). The Bees of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. 913.
  10. Wcislo, W. T. (1997). Social interactions and behavioral context in a largely solitary bee, Lasioglossum (Dialictus) figueresi (Hymenoptera, Halictidae), 44, 199-208. Retrieved from
  11. Crawford, J. (1904). Entomological News [Google Books version]. Retrieved from
  12. Gibbs, J. (2011). Revision of the metallic Lasioglossum (Dialictus) of eastern North America (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Halictini.) Zootaxa. 3073: 207. Retrieved from
  13. Gibbs, J. (2011). Revision of the metallic Lasioglossum (Dialictus) of eastern North America (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Halictini.) Zootaxa. cited in Eaton, E., (2008) "Species Lasioglossum vierecki - Viereck's Dialictus" (Accessed: September 20, 2015).
  14. THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. (2008). THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST. THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY; 41, 157.. (Accessed: September 22, 2015).
  15. Wcislo, William T.; Danforth, Bryan N. (1997-01-12). "Secondarily solitary: the evolutionary loss of social behavior". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 12 (12): 468–474. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01198-1. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 21238162.
  16. Kuehn, F. Coordinator. (2015). Farming for native bees. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved from . (Accessed: September 22, 2015).
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