Land surface models (climate)

Land surface models (LSMs) use quantitative methods to simulate the exchange of water and energy fluxes at the Earth surface–atmosphere interface. They are key component of climate models.[1] Over the past two decades, they have evolved from oversimplified schemes, which described the surface boundary conditions for general circulation models (GCMs), to complex models that can be used alone or as part of GCMs to investigate the biogeochemical, hydrological, and energy cycles at the earth's surface.[2][3]

See also

References
  1. Flato, G., and Coauthors, 2013: Evaluation of climate models. In IPCC Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, T. F. Stocker et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 741–866.
  2. Ménard, C.B., J. Ikonen, K. Rautiainen, M. Aurela, A.N. Arslan, and J. Pulliainen, 2015: Effects of Meteorological and Ancillary Data, Temporal Averaging, and Evaluation Methods on Model Performance and Uncertainty in a Land Surface Model. J. Hydrometeor., 16, 2559–2576, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-15-0013.1
  3. Pitman, A. J., 2003: The evolution of, and revolution in, land surface schemes designed for climate models. Int. J. Climatol., 23, 479–510, doi:10.1002/joc.893.


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