Lake Pontchartrain Causeway

The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, sometimes only the causeway,[2] is a fixed link composed of two parallel bridges crossing Lake Pontchartrain in southern Louisiana, United States. The longer of the two bridges is 23.83 miles (38.35 km) long. The southern terminus of the causeway is in Metairie, Louisiana, a suburb of New Orleans. The northern terminus is at Mandeville, Louisiana.

Not to be confused with the Pontchartrain Expressway, a section of Interstate 10 and U.S. Route 90 Business.
Lake Pontchartrain Causeway
The southern end of the causeway at Metairie, Louisiana, in 1998
Coordinates 30°11′59″N 90°07′22″W
Carries4 lanes of Causeway Blvd.
CrossesLake Pontchartrain
LocaleMetairie and Mandeville, Louisiana, U.S.
Maintained byCauseway Commission
Characteristics
DesignLow-level trestle with mid-span bascule
Total length23.8755555 mi (38.442 km)
Clearance above15 ft
History
OpenedAugust 30, 1956 (southbound)
May 10, 1969 (northbound)
Statistics
Daily traffic43,000[1]
Toll$5.00 (southbound)

Since 1969, it was listed by Guinness World Records as the longest bridge over water in the world; in 2011, in response to the opening of the longer Jiaozhou Bay Bridge in China, Guinness World Records created two categories for bridges over water: continuous and aggregate lengths over water. Lake Pontchartrain Causeway then became the longest bridge over water (continuous)[3] while Jiaozhou Bay Bridge the longest bridge over water (aggregate).[4]

The bridges are supported by 9,500 concrete pilings.[5] The two bridges feature a bascule, which spans the navigation channel 8 miles (13 km) south of the north shore.

History

The idea of a bridge spanning Lake Pontchartrain dates back to the early 19th century and Bernard de Marigny, the founder of Mandeville. He started a ferry service that continued to operate into the mid-1930s. In the 1920s, a proposal called for the creation of artificial islands that would then be linked by a series of bridges. The financing for this plan would come from selling home sites on the islands. The modern causeway started to take form in 1948 when Ernest M. Loeb Jr. envisioned the project. Due to his lobbying and vision, the Louisiana Legislature created what is now the Causeway Commission. The Louisiana Bridge Company was formed to construct the bridge, which in turn appointed James E. Walters Sr. to direct the project.[6]

Satellite view
Heading north on Lake Pontchartrain Causeway

The original causeway was a two-lane span, measuring 23.86 miles (38.40 km) in length. It opened in 1956 at a cost of $46 million. This included not just the bridge, but three approach roads on the north end and a long stretch of road on the south end.[7]

On June 16, 1964, six people died when barges tore a gap in the bridge and a bus plunged into the lake.[8]

A parallel two-lane span, 1/100th of a mile (15 m) longer than the original, opened on May 10, 1969, at a cost of $30 million.[7]

Since its construction, the causeway has operated as a toll bridge. Until 1999, tolls were collected from traffic going in each direction. To alleviate congestion on the south shore, toll collections were eliminated on the northbound span. In May 1999, the standard tolls for cars changed from $1.50 in each direction to a $3 toll collected on the North Shore for southbound traffic.[9] In 2017, the toll was raised to fund safety improvements on the bridge. The toll changed from $3.00 with cash and $2.00 with a toll tag to $5.00 with cash and $3.00 with a Toll Tag.[10]

The opening of the causeway boosted the fortunes of small North Shore communities by reducing drive time into New Orleans by up to 50 minutes, bringing the North Shore into the New Orleans metropolitan area. Prior to the causeway, residents of St. Tammany Parish used either the Maestri Bridge on U.S. Route 11 or the Rigolets Bridge on U.S. Route 90, both near Slidell, Louisiana; or on the west side, via U.S. Route 51 through Manchac, Louisiana.[11]

After Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005, videos collected showed damage to the bridge. The storm surge was not as high under the causeway as it was near the I-10 Twin Span Bridge, and damage was mostly limited to the turnarounds.[12] A total of 17 spans were lost.[12] Structural foundations remained intact. The causeways have never sustained major damage of any sort from hurricanes or other natural occurrences, a rarity among causeways. The existing fiber optic cable plant was blown out of its tray but remained intact per optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) analysis. With the I-10 Twin Span Bridge severely damaged, the causeway was used as a major route for recovery teams staying in lands to the north to get into New Orleans. The causeway reopened first to emergency traffic and then to the general public – with tolls suspended – on September 19, 2005. Tolls were reinstated by mid-October of that year.

Lake Pontchartrain Causeway southbound
Lake Pontchartrain Causeway
This photo of the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway demonstrates the Earth's curvature.

The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway is one of seven highway spans in Louisiana with a total length of 5 miles (8.0 km) or more. The others are, in order from longest to shortest, the Manchac Swamp bridge on I-55, the Atchafalaya Basin Bridge on I-10, the Louisiana Highway 1 Bridge, the Bonnet Carré Spillway Bridge on I-10, the Chacahoula Swamp Bridge on U.S. 90, the Lake Pontchartrain Twin Spans on I-10, and the LaBranche Wetlands Bridge on I-310. The Maestri Bridge comes close, but runs short by two-tenths of a mile at roughly 4.8 miles (7.7 km) in total length. Louisiana is also home to the Norfolk Southern Lake Pontchartrain Bridge, which at 5.8 miles (9.3 km) is one of the longest railway bridges in the United States.

The southern end of the Manchac Swamp Bridge (on the western edge of Lake Pontchartrain) is the western end of the I-10 Bonnet Carré Spillway Bridge (on the southwestern edge of Lake Pontchartrain), and the northern end of the LaBranche Wetlands Bridge is the eastern end of the I-10 Bonnet Carré Spillway Bridge; so these three bridges, by name, are in fact one contiguous bridge. The total driving distance on continuous elevated roadway is over 38 miles (61 km).

Guinness World Records controversy

For decades Lake Pontchartrain Causeway was listed by Guinness World Records as the longest bridge over water in the world. In July 2011 the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge in China was named by Guinness World Records as the 'longest bridge over water'.[4] At that time there was some controversy in the United States as supporters of the former holder of the record, the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, disagreed with Guinness World Records not calling the causeway the longest.[13] Supporters made this claim based on its own definition i.e., the length of a bridge physically over water and concluded that the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway spans 38.28 km (23.79 mi)[13] and was therefore the longest. The Jiaozhou Bay Bridge spans water for only 25.9 km (16.1 mi). However, Guinness World Records, using the criteria of measurement that included aggregate structures, such as land bridges on the ends and an under-sea tunnel, stated that the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge is 42.6 km (26.5 mi) long.[4] Following this controversy in July 2011, Guinness World Records created two categories for bridges over water: continuous and aggregate lengths over water. Lake Pontchartrain Causeway then became the longest bridge over water (continuous)[3] while Jiaozhou Bay Bridge became the longest bridge over water (aggregate).[4]

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See also

References
  1. Christine Harvey, New Orleans Times-Picayune. "Causeway lighting project cost double expectations". Archived from the original on 2007-03-15. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
  2. "The Causeway website". Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  3. "Longest bridge over water (continuous)". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
  4. "Longest bridge over water (aggregate length)". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
  5. "PILE RESTORATION OF THE LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN CAUSEWAY" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-04. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
  6. "The History of the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway" (PDF). louisianacivilengineeringconference.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
  7. "Safety Improvements | Causeway Bridge". Causeway Bridge. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  8. "6 Die in Lake Pontchartrain as Bus Plunges Off Bridge Hit by Barges". New York Timesdate=17 June 1964. p. 1.
  9. "Lake Pontchartrain Causeway". Retrieved 2019-10-11.
  10. "Toll Tags | Causeway Bridge Tolls & Fees". Causeway Bridge. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  11. "The History of the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway" (PDF). louisianacivilengineeringconference.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
  12. Reginald DesRoches, PhD, ed. (2007). Hurricane Katrina: Performance of Transportation Systems. Reston, VA: ASCE, TCLEE. ISBN 9780784408797. Archived from the original on 2014-03-03.
  13. Bob Warren (June 30, 2011). "Causeway refuses to relinquish 'world's longest bridge' title to China". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 1 July 2011.

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